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. 2018 Mar 6;8:4068. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22062-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fixation probability of a single mutant in a population stirred by a chaotic flow. The conventional theory for well-mixed systems [Eq. (1)] is shown as a thick purple line. Markers represent simulation results. In the main panel, these are shown for different Damköhler numbers. Reducing Da increases the flow speed relative to the evolutionary process. The thin continuous lines represent results from the analytical approach for fast flows [Eq. (2)]. The inset shows simulations for different interaction radii. Smaller interaction ranges makes selection increasingly more local, and the fixation probability approaches that of neutral selection, 1/N, shown for reference (dashed gray line). (Population size N = 100; R = 0.1 in main panel; Da = 0.1 in the inset; interaction radius varies from R = 0.025 to R = 0.175 in inset. See Supplemental Material for a description of the (parallel-shear) flow).