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. 2018 Mar 6;8:4045. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22396-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Training data across the 20 training blocks. The Y-axis represents the n-back level reached. Error bars represent standard error of means. The strategy training group reached a higher n-back level already on the fourth training block (p < 0.001). (B) Pre- and posttest performance in the trained n-back task with maximum n-back level achieved as the outcome variable. The strategy training group showed a significant improvement in the trained task as compared to the active control group (p < 0.001) and the passive control group (p < 0.001). (C) shows pre- and posttest performance in the 3-back task with letters, and (D) depicts the corresponding results for the 3-back task with colors. In both tasks, the dependent variable was d-prime. Both untrained 3-back tasks showed significant improvement in the strategy training group, compared with the active control group (p = 0.001) and the passive control group (p < 0.001).