Table 3.

ANCOVA results with planned contrasts for the trained task and for the transfer measures.

	Condition			Strategy training group vs Active controls				Strategy training group vs Passive controls
	F	p	$n_p^2$	t	p	d	95% CI	t	p	d	95% CI
Trained n-back with digits
Maximum level	17.09	<0 .001	0.23	−4.18	<0 .001	−0.95	−1.43, −0.48	−5.60	<0 .001	−1.26	−1.74, −0.78
Average level	12.58	<0 .001	0.18	−2.97	0.013	−0.68	−1.14, −0.22	−4.97	<0 .001	−1.12	−1.60, −0.65
Task-specific near transfer
2-back with letters (d-prime)	2.43	0.195	0.04	−0.76	0.632	−0.17	−0.63, 0.28	−2.18	0.082	−0.49	−0.94, −0.04
3-back with letters (d-prime)	12.83	<0 .001	0.19	−4.52	<0 .001	−1.03	−1.51, −0.56	−4.21	<0 .001	−0.95	−1.42, −0.49
2-back with colors (d-prime)	0.19	0.872	0.00	−0.49	0.794	−0.11	−0.57, 0.34	−0.55	0.763	−0.13	−0.57, 0.32
3-back with colors (d-prime)	9.85	<0 .001	0.15	−3.31	0 .005	−0.76	−1.23, −0.30	−4.20	<0 .001	−0.95	−1.42, −0.48
2-back with letters (RT)	1.02	0.545	0.02	1.35	0.348	0.31	−0.14, 0.76	1.07	0.462	0.24	−0.20, 0.68
3-back with letters (RT)	3.07	0.124	0.05	1.79	0.348	0.41	−0.04, 0.86	2.37	0.058	0.54	0.09, 0.99
2-back with colors (RT)	0.21	0.872	0.00	−0.42	0.800	−0.10	−0.55, 0.36	0.23	0.872	0.05	−0.39, 0.50
3-back with colors (RT)	3.99	0.060	0.07	1.29	0.348	0.30	−0.16, 0.75	2.82	0.058	0.64	0.19, 1.10
Task-general near transfer
Selective updating of digits	0.15	0.882	0.00	−0.41	0.800	−0.09	−0.54, 0.35	0.12	0.904	0.03	−0.41, 0.47
Forward digit span (correct items	0.96	0.557	0.02	−1.32	0.348	−0.30	−0.75, 0.15	−1.02	0.481	−0.23	−0.67, 0.21
Forward digit span (maximum span)	1.66	0.348	0.03	−1.76	0.178	−0.40	−0.86, 0.05	−1.26	0.353	−0.28	−0.73, 0.16
Running memory	0.27	0.871	0.00	0.72	0.641	0.16	−0.28, 0.61	0.45	0.800	0.10	−0.35, 0.55

Significant effects are bolded (p-values are corrected using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons). Planned (orthogonal) contrasts are reported for all outcomes in this table.

Note. Cohen’s d is computed from estimated posttest measurement scores adjusted for pre-measurements in the ANCOVA.

95% CI represents confidence intervals around d.