Table 1.
Summary of results, strategy method
| Authors | Groups | MRI details | Duration/Frequency | Specific type of remediation | Cerebral impact of CR and functions of affected areas | Time to post CR evaluation | Neuropsychological improvements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keshavan et al. (2016) | Sz CR or CR | Task: selective attention; ROI analysis | 2 years: 60 hr software program + 40 hr social and cognitive therapy | Cognitive remediation software program (attention, memory, problem‐solving). + social and cognitive therapy groups |
↗ activity after CR: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex → EF (planning, organization, flexibility, WM) ↗ connectivity: R dorsolateral PCF, posterior cingulate cortex associated with improvements in social cognition. ↘ connectivity: R dorsolateral PFC, anterior cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex associated with improvements in cognitive function. |
4 weeks | ↗ verbal memory, EF,, and social cognition |
| Penadés et al. (2013) | Sz CR (n = 15) vs. Sz social skills training (n = 15) vs. healthy control subjects (n = 15) | Task: n‐back (WM) | 16 weeks: 2–3 one‐hour sessions per week | CR with implementation of flexibility and WM strategies. |
↗activity Sz CR compared to the control: Bilateral inferior and middle frontal gyrus Bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus → attention, motivation, verbal initiation bilateral middle temporal gyrus → auditory processing of language sounds Bilateral cingulate gyrus → attention, motivation, verbal initiation Bilateral precuneus → episodic memory, visuospatial processing, conscience Bilateral inferior occipital gyrus → visual attention Bilateral lingual gyrus Other: normalization of cerebral activity in people with schizophrenia after remediation → increased interhemisphere connectivity between the left and right prefrontal cortex ↘ in activity in regions which were previously hyperactive in comparison with healthy subjects. |
2 days | ↗ EF (categorisztion, planning), verbal, and non‐verbal memory |
| Pu et al. (2014) | CR vs. TAU | Task: 2‐back; analysis focused on the frontotemporal regions | 24 weeks: 2 hr CR/week + 1 hr group/week | Software program (attention, memory, executive functions) + group discussion on applying strategies |
↗ in activity measured before and after CR:
Bilateral dorsolateral PFC (BA 9, 46) → EF (planning, organization of thought, flexibility) WM L ventrolateral PFC (BA45, Broca's area) → Broca language production R frontopolar (BA 10) → EF (planning, multitasking), WM. Correlations: ↗ in activity ventrolateral PFC and improvement in WM |
No deadline | ↗ verbal memory, processing speed, executive functions |
| Vianin et al. (2014) | Sz CR (n = 8) vs. Sz TAU (n = 8) | Task: verbal fluency | 14 weeks: 2 hr CR/week + 14 hr at home | Computer‐based and paper program supported by a therapist (selective attention, visuospatial attention, visuospatial memory, reasoning, verbal memory, WM). |
↗ activity: R inferior parietal lobule—162v → language ventral stream, resolution of spatial tasks Bilateral precentral gyrus—69v (AB 44) → voluntary movement, motor response L inferior frontal gyrus—29v (AB 45) → language production, verbal WM, EF (executive control of language) L middle occipital gyrus—15v → visual attention L midcingulate cortex—12v → attention, motivation, verbal response initiation L superior parietal lobule—10v → attention, dorsal stream visual system |
1–2 months | ↗ in inhibition and reasoning ability |
CR: cognitive remediation; Sz: patients with schizophrenia; TAU: treatment as usual; WM: working memory, STM: short‐term memory; LTM: long‐term memory; v: number of voxels; EF: executive functions; PFC: prefrontal cortex; vmPFC: ventromedial prefrontal cortex; mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; L: left; R: right; BA: Brodmann Area; ROI: Region Of Interest.