Table 2.
Summary of results, training method
| Authors | Groups | MRI details | Duration/ Frequency | Specific type of remediation | Cerebral impact of CR and functions of affected areas | Time to post CR evaluation | Neuropsychological improvements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bor et al. (2011) | Sz CR (n = 8) vs. control (n = 9) + healthy group (n = 15) | Task: 2‐back (WM); exclusion of motor zones | 6 weeks: 4 hr/week | Training software program (attention, memory, WM, executive functions). |
↗ activity: L middle frontal gyrus—1006v → problem‐solving, initiation L inferior frontal gyrus—1006v (BA 44/45, Broca area) → initiation language L cingulate gyrus—413v (BA 24) → attention, motivation, verbal response initiation L inferior parietal lobule—346v → ventral stream (language), resolution of spatial tasks Correlation: ↗ Broca area and attention capacity |
3 weeks | ↗ attention and reasoning |
| Haut et al. (2010) | Sz CR (n = 9) vs. Sz TAU (n = 9) vs. healthy (n = 9) | Task: n‐back word, n‐back photo (WM); ROI analysis | 4–6 weeks: 4–6 hr/week | Remediation software program (attention, memory, executive functions) and training using n‐back (WM). CR in groups of 4. Limited feedback from investigator. |
↗ activity before and after CR—task WM word: L and R frontopolar cortex—273v and 134v (BA 10) → STM, EF (planning, multitasking) L dorsal PFC—1034v and L dorsolateral—57v (BA 6, 8, 9, and 46) → EF (planning, organization, flexibility), STM Anterior cingulate gyrus—498v (BA 24/32) → attention, motivation, verbal initiation ↗ activity before and after CR—task STM photo: L and R frontopolar cortex—535v and 585v (BA 10) → STM, EF (planning, multitasking) R dorsal PFC—623v and L dorsal—593v (BA 6, 9) → EF (planning, organization, flexibility), STM Anterior cingulate gyrus—458v (BA 24/32) → Attention, motivation, verbal initiation —insular cortex—457v (BA13) →pleasure system, somatosensory area |
1–2 weeks | ↗ n‐back performance (WM) |
| Hooker et al. (2012) | Sz CR + cognitive and social therapy (n = 11) vs. Sz video games (n = 11) | Task: emotion recognition analysis based on hypothesis of involved regions | 10 weeks: 5 hr software program/week + approximately 1 hr of social and cognitive therapy / week | Remediation software program for WM and processing of auditory and verbal information (speed, attention, effectiveness) in laboratory or at home. + emotion recognition training |
↗activity: R postcentral gyrus—35v (BA 3) → somatosensory function, reception of temporal info R supplementary motor area—23v (BA 6) → planning complex tasks Bilateral precentral gyrus—24v and 18v (BA 3) → voluntary movement, motor response R superior temporal gyrus—17v (BA 48) → auditory processing and comprehension L angular gyrus—39v (BA 39) → complex language processing R superior frontal gyrus—15v (BA 9) → EF (planning, WM, action regulation) |
NA | ↗ in facial emotion recognition capacity |
| Subramaniam et al. (2014) | CR vs. video games vs. healthy TAU | Task: n‐back (WM) | 16 weeks: 7 hr/week | CR software program visual processing, auditory–verbal, WM, and social cognition |
↗ in activity at 16 weeks: L middle frontal gyrus → EF (problem‐solving, verbal fluency, risk‐taking) L inferior frontal gyrus → language production, verbal WM, EF (executive control of language) ↗connectivity at 16 weeks: R middle frontal gyrus, L middle frontal gyrus, and L inferior frontal gyrus. Correlation: ↗ R middle frontal gyrus ↗ WM performance |
No deadline | ↗ LTM, EF |
CR: cognitive remediation; Sz: patients with schizophrenia; TAU: treatment as usual; WM: working memory, STM: short‐term memory; LTM: long‐term memory; v: number of voxels; EF: executive functions; PFC: prefrontal cortex; vmPFC: ventromedial prefrontal cortex; mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; L: left; R: right; BA: Brodmann Area; ROI: Region Of Interest.