Table I.
Factors and signal pathways involved in IL-37 expression.
| Cell type | Triggering factor | Regulation | Signal pathway involved | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monocytes | TLR agonists | Increased | Unclear | (28) |
| RAW cell line | LPS | Increased | Unclear | (17) |
| THP cells | Triptolide, triptonide | Increased | ERK1/2, p38 | (30) |
| Human cells | TNF-a | Increased | MAPK, PI3K, NF-kB, AP-1 | (28) |
| Epithelial cells | Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan | Increased | ERK1/2, p38 | (40) |
| Keratinocytes | Human β-defensin-3 | Increased | CCR6 | (43) |
| Human cells | IL-18, IFN-γ, IL-1b, TGF-β1 | Increased | Unclear | (17,30,31) |
| Human cells | GM-CSF, IL-4 | Iecreased | Unclear | (17) |
| Endothelial cells | ICAM-1, NF-κB | Iecreased | TLR2 activation | (45) |
| BMDMs | M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6 | Iecreased | Unclear | (49) |
| HUVECs | VEGF | Iecreased | Unclear | (75) |
BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages; HUVECs, human umbilical vein epithelial cells; IL, interleukin; TLR, toll-like receptors; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor α; IFN, interferon; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-related kinase; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AP-1; activator protein 1; p38, tumor protein 38.