. 2018 Mar 6;11:145. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2744-5

Table 2.

Present and potential measures^a to control TBDs. This table is modified from Eisen & Gray [241]. There is not a single method that effectively controls all TBDs. National and local strategies, which combine several methods probably work best [191, 192]. Anti-tick vaccines blocking pathogen transmission in humans and domestic animals might encompass the silver bullet to control TBDs. Hygiene measures^b involve checking for tick bites, prompt removal, and most importantly, seek medical advice when developing symptoms (e.g. fever, skin rash) or illness in weeks to months after a tick bite

Personal	Domestic animal	Residential	Vegetation	Fauna	Medical
Avoid tick habitats	Avoid tick habitats	Xeriscaping/ Hardscaping	Awareness for visitors		Increase awareness and knowledge of medical doctors
Protective clothing	Treatments with topical or systematic acaricides	Keep grass short, remove weeds, remove leaf litter and brush	Reduce tick abundance on sites with high recreational activities	Deer fencing	Technical improvement of laboratory tests
Repellents	Hygiene measures^b	Remove harborages/food for rodents and insectivores	Avoidance tick habitats/ directing visitor flows	Deer removal	Improvement of diagnostic/clinical pathways
Acaricide-impregnated clothing		Fencing to exclude wildlife	Mowing/extensive grazing of paths and recreational sites	Topical acaricide for propagation hosts (deer)	Improve cure and care of patients with late LB and persisting complaints
Hygiene measures^b		Move play/rest structures to low risk areas	Create open habitats rather than woodlands	Sheep mopping	Prophylactic antibiotic treatment after a tick bite
Control ticks on dogs/ cats and in gardens		Chemical/fungal acaricides		Topical acaricide/antibiotics for rodents
sTBE vaccine	TBE vaccine			Oral LB vaccine for rodents^a
LB vaccine^a	LB vaccine			Oral tick growth regulator/acaricide^a
Tick vaccine^a	Tick vaccine^a			Tick vaccine^a