Table 4.

Generalized Estimating Equations

	Patient Safety Grade		Number of Events Reported
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Patient Safety Culture Composites
Supervisor/Manager Expectations & Actions Promoting Patient Safety	0.73 (0.67–0.80)	< 0.001	1.05 (0.95–1.16)	0.318
Organizational learning and Continuous Improvement	0.65 (0.55–0.77)	< 0.001	1.27 (1.16–1.39)	< 0.001
Teamwork within units	0.75 (0.68–0.83)	< 0.001	1.05 (0.95–1.15)	0.347
Communication Openness	0.78 (0.67–0.91)	0.002	0.91 (0.83–1.01)	0.077
Feedback and Communications About Error	0.72 (0.63–0.83)	< 0.001	1.10 (1.02–1.19)	0.018
Non-punitive Response to Error	1.01 (0.89–1.15)	0.850	0.96 (0.86–1.07)	0.448
Staffing	0.84 (0.72–0.97)	0.021	0.88 (0.78–0.99)	0.038
Hospital Management Support for Patient Safety	0.47 (0.40–0.54)	< 0.001	0.81 (0.71–0.92)	0.002
Hospital Handoffs & Transitions	0.89 (0.75–1.06)	0.197	0.94 (0.86–1.02)	0.137
Teamwork Across Hospital Units	0.81 (0.67–0.98)	0.027	0.94 (0.82–1.07)	0.318
Gender
Male	1.11 (0.90–1.35)	0.300	1.14 (0.97–1.35)	0.122
Female	1		1
Experience at the hospital
< 5 years	0.87 (0.69–1.10)	0.237	1.12 (0.98–1.27)	0.086
5 to 20 years	0.90 (0.74–1.10)	0.289	0.98 (0.83–1.15)	0.765
More or equal to 21 years	1		1
Highest Degree
High school or below	1.19 (0.71–2.02)	0.505	1.21 (0.74–1.98)	0.437
University Degree	0.59 (0.35–1.00)	0.048	0.81 (0.55–1.19)	0.275
Technical Degree	0.89 (0.58–1.35)	0.577	0.95 (0.64–1.41)	0.795
Other	1		1
Position at the hospital
Physician	1.15 (0.86–1.53)	0.344	0.57 (0.47–0.69)	< 0.001
Pharmacist	1.12 (0.69–1.83)	0.637	0.52 (0.32–0.82)	0.005
Nurse	0.97 (0.73–1.29)	0.829	0.51 (0.43–0.59)	< 0.001
Admin	1.07 (0.61–1.87)	0.828	0.24 (0.14–0.43)	< 0.001
Other	1		1
Nationality
Kuwaiti	0.68 (0.49–0.93)	0.016	1.20 (1.04–1.37)	0.010
Non-Kuwaiti	1		1
Interaction with patients
Yes	1.01 (0.76–1.32)	0.967	0.82 (0.68–0.98)	0.033
No	1		1
Hospital Size
Small	1.65 (1.17–2.33)	0.004	2.67 (2.17–3.30)	< 0.001
Medium	2.02 (0.85–4.79)	0.110	1.85 (1.07–3.20)	0.028
Large	1		1