Table 5.
Risk factors linked with blood lipid indicators among school age children in Ghana
| Explanatory variables | coefficient | p-value | 95% Confidence Interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower bound | Upper bound | |||
| Total Cholesterol | ||||
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Sex (female) | −3.388 | 0.513 | −13.531 | 6.755 |
| Age, yr | 2.015 | 0.218 | −1.189 | 5.219 |
| Obese1 | 7.808 | 0.108 | − 1.716 | 17.333 |
| School type2 | −8.024 | 0.311 | −23.535 | 7.486 |
| Watch television in the morning | 12.114 | 0.011 | 2.8319 | 21.397 |
| Random effects3 | ||||
| Region | 26.621 | 9.608 | 73.757 | |
| Schools | 23.678 | 17.378 | 32.262 | |
| High Density Lipoprotein | ||||
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Sex (female) | −1.547 | 0.317 | −4.576 | 1.483 |
| Age, yr | −.502 | 0.298 | −1.447 | 0.443 |
| Obese | −4.632 | 0.001 | −7.480 | −1.785 |
| School type | −0.330 | 0.872 | −4.336 | 3.675 |
| Random effects | ||||
| Region | 11.913 | 4.415 | 32.147 | |
| Schools | 5.058 | 3.372 | 7.588 | |
| Triglycerides | ||||
| Fixed Effects | ||||
| Sex(female) | −7.135 | 0.215 | −18.410 | 4.140 |
| Age | −0.997 | 0.583 | −2.566 | 4.560 |
| Obese | 1.763 | 0.744 | −8.814 | 12.340 |
| School type | −7.728 | 0.382 | −25.062 | 9.605 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.568 | 0.013 | 0.118 | 1.018 |
| Watch television in the morning | 14.464 | 0.006 | 4.145 | 24.782 |
| Random effects | ||||
| Region | 6.589 | 1.109 | 39.158 | |
| Schools | 26.594 | 18.402 | 38.432 | |
| Low Density lipoprotein | ||||
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Sex (female) | 4.870 | 0.321 | −4.745 | 14.486 |
| Age | 3.937 | 0.010 | 0.950 | 6.923 |
| Obese | 14.486 | 0.002 | 5.195 | 23.777 |
| School type | 3.348 | 0.625 | −10.083 | 16.778 |
| Eating fruit 3 or more times in a week | −10.583 | 0.020 | −19.508 | −1.659 |
| Watch television in the morning | 14.464 | 0.006 | 4.145 | 24.782 |
| Random effects | ||||
| Region | 7.757 | 2.046 | 29.411 | |
| Schools | 17.184 | 12.007 | 24.592 | |
| Triglyceride-High Density Lipoprotein Ratio | ||||
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Sex (female) | 0.070 | 0.453 | −0.113 | 0.253 |
| Age | 0.070 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.125 |
| Obese | 0.445 | < 0.001 | 0.281 | 0.609 |
| School type | 0.107 | 0.454 | −.173 | 0.386 |
| Random effects | ||||
| Region | 0.149 | 0.036 | 0.614 | |
| School | 0.437 | 0.309 | 0.617 | |
Other variables controlled in model: maternal education, maternal and paternal occupation, systolic blood pressure, child fruit and vegetable consumption, activity (including means of transportation to school, engagement in sporting activity, performing household chores), and sedentary behavior (watching television in mornings)
1BMIZ = Body Mass Index-for-Age Z-Score
2Categorized as public or private school
3Represents variation in region and school