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NAD+ biosynthetic pathways. NAD+ can be synthesized via de novo, Preiss-Handler, and multiple salvage pathways. NAD+ precursors and metabolites are represented in gray boxes. The enzymes involved in each conversion are listed above the arrows. The cellular outputs regulated by NAD+ or metabolites are listed in white boxes with black outlines. For explanation of the acronyms, please see the abbreviations list in the main body of the text
