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. 2018 Feb 21;2018:6462793. doi: 10.1155/2018/6462793

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Different concentration of metformin (10, 50, and 100 μmol/L) significantly reduces the expression of fibrosis factors (FN and CTGF) (by western blotting) stimulated by high glucose in RMCs, and 50 μmol/L is the most efficient (a). 50 μmol/L metformin dramatically reduces the high glucose-stimulated expression of inflammatory factors (MCP-1 and CXCL5) (by ELISA) in RMCs (b). RMCs were pre-incubated with metformin for 1 hour before stimulating with normal glucose (NG, 5.5 mmol/L glucose) or high glucose (HG, 30 mmol/L glucose) for 24 hours. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.001 versus RMCs cultured with normal glucose media. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.001 versus RMCs cultured with high glucose media. All results represent means ± SD obtained from three independent experiments in triplicate. And western blotting results were normalized to GAPDH. Met: metformin; FN: fibronectin; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; CXCL5: chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 5.