Table 4.
Mixed model analyses stratified by sex: Associations of time and socioeconomic factors with frailty
| Model 1: time adjusted for birth cohort |
Model 2: model 1 + education and partner status |
Model 3: model 2 + income |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| men | women | men | women | men | women | |
| Survivor samplea High education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Medium education | 1.16 (0.59 – 2.25) | 0.66 (0.42 – 1.02) | 0.87 (0.44 – 1.72) | 0.85 (0.35 – 2.08) | ||
| Low education | 2.36 (1.16 – 4.83) | 0.72 (0.33 – 1.57) | 1.64 (0.77 – 3.50) | 1.12 (0.46 – 2.73) | ||
| Highest income tertile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Middle income tertile | 1.07 (0.61 – 1.89) | 1.25 (0.67 – 2.33) | ||||
| Lowest income tertile | 2.52 (1.28 – 4.99) | 1.67 (0.89 – 3.15) | ||||
| Time (measurement wave) | 1.67 (1.38 – 2.02) | 2.00 (1.72 – 2.34) | 1.69 (1.39 – 2.04) | 2.02 (1.73 – 2.35) | 1.76 (1.45 – 2.14) | 2.04 (1.74 – 2.40) |
| Respondents/observations, n | 728/1,823 | 781/2,127 | 725/1,818 | 779/2,123 | 662/1,664 | 681/1,887 |
| Imputation 1: first missing substituted with “frail” | ||||||
| High education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Medium education | 0.83 (0.47 – 1.47) | 0.62 (0.42 – 0.94) | 0.67 (0.37 – 1.20) | 0.89 (0.39 – 2.04) | ||
| Low education | 1.98 (1.08 – 3.65) | 0.59 (0.28 – 1.24) | 1.41 (0.73 – 2.74) | 1.25 (0.54 – 2.90) | ||
| Highest income tertile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Middle income tertile | 1.21 (0.74 – 1.99) | 1.20 (0.68 – 2.14) | ||||
| Lowest income tertile | 2.69 (1.45 – 5.00) | 1.70 (0.95 – 3.06) | ||||
| Time (measurement wave) | 3.58 (2.96 – 4.34) | 2.91 (2.50 – 3.39) | 3.59 (2.96 – 4.35) | 2.91 (2.50 – 3.39) | 3.69 (3.02 – 4.50) | 2.92 (2.49 – 3.44) |
| Respondents/observations, n | 728/2,235 | 781/2,455 | 725/2,228 | 779/2,449 | 662/2,040 | 681/2,169 |
| Imputation 2: missing values imputed with prediction model | ||||||
| High education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Medium education | 1.44 (1.23 – 1.67) | 0.62 (0.38 – 1.02) | 0.91 (0.39 – 2.15) | 0.66 (0.25 – 1.78) | ||
| Low education | 1.28 (0.55 – 3.00) | 0.82 (0.34 – 1.98) | 1.66 (0.64 – 4.33) | 0.89 (0.33 – 2.40) | ||
| Highest income tertile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Middle income tertile | 1.04 (0.51 – 2.12) | 1.36 (0.67 – 2.73) | ||||
| Lowest income tertile | 3.10 (1.32 – 7.30) | 2.03 (1.01 – 4.12) | ||||
| Time (measurement wave) | 1.43 (1.23 – 1.67) | 1.75 (1.54 – 2.00) | 1.44 (1.23 – 1.67) | 1.76 (1.54 – 2.00) | 1.48 (1.27 – 1.74) | 1.74 (1.52 – 2.00) |
| Respondents/observations, n | 728/2,235 | 781/2,455 | 725/2,228 | 779/2,449 | 662/2,040 | 681/2,169 |
a
Analyses with the survival sample are based on all available observations. Participants are included until they drop out from the study.