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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 7.
Published in final edited form as: Front Biol (Beijing). 2017 Mar 4;12(3):163–174. doi: 10.1007/s11515-017-1443-5

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The Yin and Yang of PTEN-mediated cancer immunoediting: implication for targeted anti-tumor therapy. Alterations of PTEN and its signaling significantly affect immune regulation and the process of malignant transformation. PTEN is frequently mutated or inactivated during cancer evolution. Loss of PTEN leads to activation of multiple tumor-intrinsic oncogenic signals that can serve as therapeutic targets for anti-cancer treatment. On the other hand, PTEN inactivation disrupts immune tolerance and can enhance anti-tumor immunity. A thorough understanding of both the Yin and Yang of PTEN function at the immunological synapse is required to achieve the dual goal of promoting PTEN activity in tumors and suppressing PTEN signaling in regulatory immune cells.