Table 1.
Summary of patient demographics, clinical features, investigations, seizure localization, and postoperative outcomes
Patient ID | Age/ gender | Seizure onset age, years | Seizure burden | Seizure description | Interictal EEG | Ictal EEG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 33 F | 11 | Weekly | Behavioural arrest, oral automatisms, dysphasia | Left temporal spikes (F7, SP1, T3) | Left mid-posterior temporal |
2 | 41 F | 13 | Weekly | Hypermotor seizure from sleep | Left temporal spikes (SP1, F7, T3) | Unclear, obscured by artefact |
3 | 25 M | 5 | Daily | Dysphasia, right side clonic movements | Left fronto-central spikes (F3, C3, Fp1) | Left fronto-central |
4 | 33 M | 7 | Weekly | Fear, tachycardia, behavioural arrest | Left fronto-temporal spikes (FP1, F7, T3) | Left fronto-temporal |
5 | 33 M | 29 | Weekly | Behavioural arrest, dysphasia | Bitemporal sharps (max Sp2 and Sp1) | Left hemisphere max posterior quadrant |
6 | 42 M | 22 | Weekly | Left head version, secondary GTC | Bitemporal spikes right (F8, Sp2, T4) > left (F7, Sp1, T3) | Right posterior quadrant |
7 | 40 M | 9 | Daily | Posturing of both upper limbs and dysphasia | Midline and left parasagittal spikes Cz, Fz, Pz, P3 | Central and left parasagittal |
8 | 26 F | 1 | Weekly | Vocalization, GTC | Bitemporal slowing | Bifrontal max left frontal |
9 | 22 M | 14 | Weekly | Behavioral arrest, right arm dystonia, oral automatisms | Left anterior temporal sharps (max Sp1, F7) | Left fronto-temporal |
10 | 20 F | 1 | Weekly | Bimanual automatisms, behavioural arrest | Bitemporal spikes right (F8, Sp2, T4) > left (F7, Sp1, T3) | Bitemporal, right > left |
11 | 22 F | 22 | Weekly | Behavioural arrest, ictal speech | Right temporal slowing and spikes (F8, Sp2, T4) | Bilateral max left fronto-temporal |
12 | 58 F | 1 | Weekly | Vocalization, GTC | Bitemporal slowing | Left fronto-temporal |
13 | 55 M | 43 | Weekly | Manual automatisms, preserved speech | Right temporal slowing and spikes (F8, Sp2, T4) | Right anterior temporal |
14 | 40 M | 11 | Monthly | Behavioural arrest, right head version, GTC | Bifrontal max left spikes (F3, Fp1, Fz) | Bifrontal max left frontal |
15 | 21 F | 15 | Weekly | Right head version, GTC | Left temporal spikes (Sp1, F7) | Left hemisphere max fronto-temporal |
16 | 38 M | 34 | Monthly | Oral and bimanual automatisms, dysphasia | Left temporal slowing and spikes (F7, SP1, T3) | Left anterior temporal |
17 | 25 F | 17 | Weekly | Vocalization, GTC | 3-4 Hz generalized spike, max bifrontal | Generalized |
18 | 43 F | 22 | Daily | Behavioural arrest, oral automatisms | Right temporal spikes (F8, Sp2, T4) | Right hemisphere max temporal |
19 | 30 F | 13 | Weekly | Behavioural arrest, dysphasia | Left temporal slowing | Left hemisphere max temporal |
20 | 26 M | 25 | Daily | Hypermotor, partially responsive | Right frontotemporal spikes (Fp2, F8, F4) | Diffuse rhythmic slowing |
21 | 39 F | 25 | Weekly | Staring, right head version, GTC | Left temporal spikes (F7, SP1, T3) | Left temporal |
Patient ID | Structural MRI | Subtraction SPECT | PET | Intracranial EEG localization | Final presumed SOZ | Epilepsy surgery | Surgical outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Left mesial temporal cortical dysplasia | Not performed | Not performed | Not performed | Left temporal | No | N/A |
2 | Periventricular WMH | Right opercular, orbitofrontal | Not performed | Not performed | Right frontal | No | N/A |
3 | Normal | Left temporal, insula, operculum | Not performed | Left superior temporal gyrus | Left superior temporal gyrus | No | N/A |
4 | Normal | Left anterior mesial temporal | Left anterior mesial temporal | Not performed | Left insula, anterior temporal | No | N/A |
5 | Bilateral subependymal heterotopias max right | Bilateral temporal | Not performed | Bitemporal max left | Bilateral temporal max left | No | N/A |
6 | Right fat amygdala, occipital cavernoma | Right anterior temporal | Not performed | Not performed | Bitemporal right > left | No | N/A |
7 | Normal | Left temporal, left mesial parasagittal | Left temporal lobe and insula | Bilateral mesial frontal max left | Bilateral mesial frontal left > right | No | N/A |
8 | Left frontal cortical dysplasia, WMH | Left frontal | Left anterior mesial temporal | Not performed | Left frontal | No | N/A |
9 | Normal | Left anterior mesial temporal | Left anterior mesial temporal | Not performed | Left mesial temporal, frontal | No | N/A |
10 | Postsurgical (right temporal lobectomy) | Left posterior temporal | Site of previous surgery | Not performed | Right posterior temporal | No | N/A |
11 | Normal | Right temporal lobe | Right mesial temporal | Bilateral mesial temporal | Bilateral mesial temporal | No | N/A |
12 | Normal | Right frontal, left temporal | Multiple areas max left parietal | Not performed | Unclear | No | N/A |
13 | Right hippocampal sclerosis | Right anterior temporal | Not performed | Not performed | Right mesial temporal | Yes | Patient expired |
14 | Bifrontal, max left encephalomalacia | Left orbitofrontal, frontal operculum | Left hemisphere max frontal | Left frontal convexity | Left frontal | No | N/A |
15 | Postsurgical (right temporal lobectomy) | Left temporo-parieto-occipital | Site of previous surgery | Not performed | Left anterior temporal, frontal | No | N/A |
16 | Normal | Right opercular, right frontal | Left anterior temporal | Not performed | Left anterior temporal | Yes | Seizure free |
17 | Normal | Right frontal, right insula | Left frontal | Not performed | Generalized | No | N/A |
18 | Right hippocampus rounded | Right temporal, insula, parietal | Right hemisphere max temporal | Not performed | Right temporal | No | N/A |
19 | Left para-hippocampal cortical dysplasia | Left temporal | Not performed | Not performed | Left temporal | No | N/A |
20 | Punctate right frontal WMH | Right temporal, orbitofrontal, operculum | Right temporal, orbitofrontal, operculum | Not performed | Unclear | No | N/A |
21 | Bilateral hippocampal atrophy | Not performed | Left anterior temporal | Not performed | Left anterior temporal | No | N/A |
GTC = generalized tonic-clonic seizures; WMH = white matter hyperintensity.