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. 2018 Mar 7;8:4123. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22401-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Implantation and endoscopic evaluation of esophageal growth after tissue resection and surgical implantation of cellularized scaffold. (A) Overview of implantation surgery. From left to right, the portion of the esophagus requiring resection is identified and removed. The scaffold is then implanted and anastomosed to that native esophageal tissue. An esophageal stent is then deployed within the scaffold. Gradually tissue growth over the scaffold occurs, and the scaffold and stent are endoscopically removed. The esophageal stent is then replaced. (B) Surgical procedural steps demonstrating resection of 4 cm of esophageal tissue and implantation of 6 cm aMSC seeded polyurethane graft and subsequent esophageal stent deployment within the aMSC seeded graft (not shown). After 3 weeks the scaffold and stent are removed endoscopically and the esophageal stent replaced. Used with permission of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, all rights reserved.