Table 2.

Association between bronchiectasis, gender, severe COPD symptoms (CAT ≥10), more dyspnea, severity of airflow limitation and frequent COPD exacerbation (≥2 in the past year) and/or hospitalized exacerbation in the past year

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-value	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-value
Male gender	0.09	0.01–0.805	0.008	0.08	0.007–0.834	0.035
Post-BD FEV1 ≥50% predicted	0.21	0.07–0.61	0.003	0.11	0.025–0.443	0.002
CAT score ≥10	2.90	0.98–8.59	0.005	1.43	0.347–5.952	0.615
mMRC scale ≥2	2.33	1.37–3.94	0.0006	3.36	0.89–12.65	0.07
Bronchiectasis	2.76	1.04–7.29	0.037	4.99	1.31–18.94	0.018

Notes: The dependent variable is the frequent COPD exacerbation (≥2 in the past year) and/or hospitalization due to exacerbation in the past year in 72 patients (binary variables). Each independent variable was adjusted for gender, severity of airflow obstruction (post-BD FEV₁ ≥50% predicted), severity of COPD symptoms (CAT ≥10), severity of dyspnea symptoms (mMRC ≥2) and bronchiectasis. The statistical significance was determined by p-value <0.05.

Abbreviations: BD, bronchodilator; CAT, COPD assessment test; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale.