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. 2018 Mar 7;8:4106. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22421-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Individual ratio between spring and autumn total speed of migration (Q_{speed of migration}) against individual ratio between spring and autumn total stopover duration (Q_stopover). Q_{speed of migration} and Q_stopover were both estimated as the log-ratio between corresponding individual values for spring and autumn. In this phylogenetic regression with intraspecific sampling errors involved in total 257 individual tracks of 42 studies, considering 22 tracks of waterfowl (orange), 4 of bustards (purple), 5 of storks (light blue), 23 of raptors (light brown), 47 of waders (light red), 27 of gulls (dark red), 4 of owls (light purple), 17 of swifts (grey), 4 of rollers (light beige), and 104 of songbirds (dark blue). The regression line based on all species and controlling for their phylogenetic relationship is given as a thick, black line; regression lines based on single species are coloured correspondingly to their bird group and species names are shown. The negative slopes demonstrate that a shorter total stopover duration in spring resulted in a higher total speed of migration in spring.