Evaluation of inflammatory and vascular permeability markers. Representative Western blot illustrating TNFα (A), IL6 (B), IL1β (C), and VEGF (D). BMSC treatment significantly reduced levels of TNFα, IL1β, and IL6; and increased VEGF compared to PBS injected ischemic eyes. The bar graphs demonstrate the levels of all four proteins normalized to β-arrestin. (E) Bar graph exhibiting Evans Blue dye extravasation, marker of vascular permeability, in ischemic PBS and BMSC injected retina. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * indicates P < 0.05 compared to the paired normal retina within a group (PBS or BMSC); # indicates P < 0.05 between the ischemic retinae of PBS and BMSC. N = 3–4 per group for Western blotting, and 7 for Evans Blue. See Figure 4 legend for abbreviations.