Table 4. Urine test results including urine heavy metals, n = 11.
| Urine variable | Mean ± SD (range) |
|---|---|
| Culture | All negative |
| Creatinine (mmol/L) | 8.4 ± 4.5 (2.4–17.2) |
| ACR (mg/mmol) | 7.2 ± 14.1 (0.1–47.2)a |
| A1M-creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 5.2 ± 4.1 (0.8–14.5)b |
| NGAL (μg/L) | 47 ± 52 (17.5–154)c |
| KIM-1 (ng/ml) | 1.1 ± 0.98 (0.19–3.44) |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 104 ± 71 (36–299) |
| FENa (%) | 1.8 ± 0.8 (0.5–3.3) |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 27 ± 14 (5–50) |
| Potassium-creatinine ratio | 3.3 ± 0.9 (1.9–5.3) |
| FEK (%) | 15 ± 6 (8–25) |
| Magnesium (mmol/L) | 2.1 ± 0.9 (1.1–3.7) |
| FEMg (%) | 11 ± 5 (4–17) |
| Uric acid (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.6 (0.5–2.6) |
| Uric acid-creatinine ratio | 0.17 ± 0.03 (0.12–0.23) |
| Arsenic (μg/L) | 37 ± 21 (4.5–77) |
| Arsenic-creatinine ratio (μg/g) | 42 ± 23 (17–98) |
| Cadmium (μg/L) | 0.42 ± 0.30 (0.11–1.10) |
| Cadmium-creatinine ratio (μg/g) | 0.49 ± 0.27 (0.2–1.05) |
| Mercury (μg/L) | 0.24 ± 0.18 (<0.2–0.69)d |
| Mercury-creatinine ratio (μg/g) | 0.3 ± 0.22 (0.08–0.79) |
| Lead (μg/L) | 0.6 ± 0.5 (<0.5–1.72)e |
| Uranium (μg/L) | <0.02 μg/L in all patients |
| Vanadium (μg/L) | 0.08 ± 0.06 (<0.1–0.22)f |
Note: Abbreviations: ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio. A1M, alpha-1-microglobulin. NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1. FENa, fractional excretion of sodium. FEK, fractional excretion of potassium. FEMg, fractional excretion of magnesium.
When calculating means, values below measurable levels were converted to half of the lowest measurable value: albumin <3.0 mg/L was converted to 1.5 mg/L; A1M <6 mg/L to 3 mg/L; NGAL <35 μg/L to 17.5 μg/L; mercury <0.2 μg/L to 0.1 μg/L; lead 0.5 μg/L to 0.25 μg/L; and vanadium <0.1 μg/L to 0.05 μg/L.
a ACR was >3.4 mg/mmol in four patients at 4.9, 11.3, 13.2 and 47.3 mg/mmol.
b A1M was > 0.7 mg/mmol in 10 patients. In one patient A1M was below measurable levels (<6 mg/L).
c NGAL was >50 μg/L in three patients at 111, 115, and 154 μg/L.
d Five patients had mercury below measurable levels, i.e. <0.2 μg/L.
e Four patients had lead below measurable levels, i.e. <0.5 μg/L.
f Eight patients had vanadium below measurable levels, i.e. <0.1 μg/L.