Table 3. Multivariable regression analysis of the association of underweight with poor self-rated health, cognition and quality of life.
| Background | Poor self-rated health | Cognition | Quality of Life | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight | 1.60*** | (1.37, 1.87) | -0.95*** | (-1.46, -0.45) | -1.90*** | (-2.52, -1.29) |
| Normal(ref) | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.01 | (0.77, 1.31) | 1.30*** | (0.56, 2.04) | 0.33 | (-0.56, 1.24) |
| Obese | 1.06 | (0.69, 1.63) | 0.60 | (-0.67, 1.89) | -0.06 | (-1.63, 1.49) |
| Age group | ||||||
| 50-59(ref) | ||||||
| 60–64 | 1.22** | (1.00, 1.50) | -1.09*** | (-1.71, -0.47) | -0.95** | (-1.71, -0.20) |
| 65–69 | 1.51*** | (1.23, 1.85) | -1.31*** | (-1.96, -0.65) | -1.80*** | (-2.60, -1.00) |
| 70–79 | 2.19*** | (1.79, 2.68) | -2.86*** | (-3.54, -2.19) | -2.91*** | (-3.72, -2.09) |
| 80+ | 2.81*** | (2.07, 3.82) | -4.86*** | (-6.02, -3.69) | -4.74*** | (-6.11, -3.37) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male(ref) | ||||||
| Female | 0.99 | (0.84, 1.18) | -3.43*** | (-3.96, -2.89) | -0.54 | (-1.19, 0.10) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban(ref) | ||||||
| Rural | 1.07 | (0.88, 1.29) | -0.48* | (-1.05, 0.07) | 0.67* | (-0.01, 1.36) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Currently married(ref) | ||||||
| Otherwise | 1.13 | (0.95, 1.33) | -1.11*** | (-1.67, -0.54) | -1.21*** | (-1.89, -0.52) |
| Years of schooling | ||||||
| No schooling(ref) | ||||||
| 1–5 years | 0.78*** | (0.65, 0.94) | 6.25*** | (5.66, 6.84) | 1.25*** | (0.53, 1.97) |
| 6–9 years | 0.61*** | (0.45, 0.82) | 9.86*** | (9.00, 10.7) | 2.98*** | (1.93, 4.03) |
| 10 years or above | 0.54*** | (0.40, 0.73) | 13.97*** | (13.1, 14.8) | 5.28*** | (4.27, 6.29) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Lowest(ref) | ||||||
| Second | 1.04 | (0.83, 1.29) | 1.12*** | (0.36, 1.89) | 1.91*** | (0.99, 2.83) |
| Middle | 1.04 | (0.83, 1.30) | 2.02*** | (1.25, 2.79) | 3.75*** | (2.81, 4.68) |
| Fourth | 0.93 | (0.73, 1.18) | 2.51*** | (1.74, 3.29) | 5.00*** | (4.06, 5.94) |
| Highest | 0.78* | (0.61, 1.01) | 3.92*** | (3.11, 4.74) | 8.41*** | (7.42, 9.40) |
| Health markers (Ref: No) | ||||||
| Sleep problems | 4.37*** | (3.68, 5.19) | -1.39*** | (-2.07, -0.71) | -7.09*** | (-7.91, -6.27) |
| Hypertension | 1.48*** | (1.23, 1.78) | -0.24 | (-0.87, 0.37) | -1.63*** | (-2.39, -0.87) |
| Diabetes | 1.31* | (0.99, 1.73) | 0.89** | (0.01, 1.78) | -1.08** | (-2.16, -0.003) |
| Angina | 1.19 | (0.88, 1.62) | 0.19 | (-0.85, 1.24) | -0.73 | (-2.02, 0.54) |
| Stroke | 1.28 | (0.84, 1.95) | 0.39 | (-1.18, 1.98) | -2.97*** | (-4.83, -1.10) |
| Arthritis | 1.71*** | (1.44, 2.04) | -1.28*** | (-1.88, -0.67) | -2.40*** | (-3.13, -1.66) |
| Asthma | 2.01*** | (1.58, 2.54) | -0.07 | (-0.96, 0.81) | -4.65*** | (-5.72, -3.58) |
| Back pain | 1.76*** | (1.52, 2.04) | 0.01 | (-0.46, 0.49) | -2.85*** | (-3.43, -2.27) |
| State | ||||||
| Assam(ref) | ||||||
| Karnataka | 0.16*** | (0.11, 0.21) | 0.71 | (-0.23, 1.66) | 5.25*** | (4.09, 6.41) |
| Maharashtra | 0.31*** | (0.23, 0.40) | 1.75*** | (0.85, 2.65) | 5.43*** | (4.33, 6.54) |
| Rajasthan | 0.29*** | (0.22, 0.38) | 1.42*** | (0.54, 2.30) | 5.03*** | (3.96, 6.10) |
| Uttar Pradesh | 0.55*** | (0.43, 0.71) | 0.96** | (0.09, 1.83) | 7.08*** | (6.02, 8.14) |
| West Bengal | 0.97 | (0.76, 1.23) | 0.06 | (-0.81, 0.95) | -2.89*** | (-3.97, -1.81) |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.1909 | |||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.4086 | 0.3257 | ||||
| Sample Size | 6330 | 6164 | 6330 | |||
OR = Odds Ratio; β = coefficient value; CI = Confidence Interval; ref = reference;
*** Significant at p < .001,
** Significant at p < .005,
* Significant at p < .01