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VIPS measurement. (a–d) Loc #1–#3 are located outside the cells and Loc #4 is located inside the cell. A phase shift of about 0.4 degrees is clearly shown in the plot in (g). (e) Loc #1–#4 are all located outside the cell as a control. Measured phases are close to each other. (f) Loc #1–#3 are located inside the cell and Loc #4 is located outside the cell. Loc #1–#3 show considerably higher values of the phase than Loc #4. (g) The measured phase of (a–f).
