Fig. 6. Glioblastoma patient–derived serum and plasma EVs contain PD-L1 DNA whose levels correlate with tumor volume.

(A) PD-L1 DNA enrichment is found specifically in patient-derived EVs (healthy controls, n = 5; glioblastoma patients, n = 21). (B) PD-L1 DNA enrichment highly correlates with CET of <60 cm³ (Pearson’s correlation with nonlinear regression, r = 0.637, R² = 0.406, P = 0.0025). (C) PD-L1 expression in tumors correlates with PD-L1 DNA in patient blood (Pearson’s correlation with nonlinear regression, r = 0.733, R² = 0.538, P = 0.0102).