Estimates from individual studies were combined using an exact fixed effects meta-analytic model, with 95% confidence intervals obtained by bootstrapping with 20,000 bootstrap samples. Two studies with no African American participants (PIWEB, SIN) were excluded from analysis. Two studies coded hysterectomy separately, which was combined with other surgeries for this analysis. Similarly, three studies coded drug abuse separately, which was combined with psychiatric disorders for this analysis. HEENT=Head, eye, ear, nose, and throat (otorhinolaryngological).