Table 1. Characteristics of participants according to their diabetes status at follow-up.
| Characteristic | Non-converter (n=167) | DM converter (n=167) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||
| Age, yr | 68.1±8.1 | 68.2±8.3 | 0.873 |
| Male sex, % | 36.5 | 36.5 | 1.000 |
| Height, cm | 155.5±8.4 | 154.8±8.3 | 0.465 |
| Weight, kg | 59.8±8.9 | 59.1±9.6 | 0.458 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 90.0±8.5 | 89.9±9.4 | 0.933 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8±3.4 | 24.6±4.0 | 0.754 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 144.3±19.5 | 146.0±18.6 | 0.406 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 85.3±10.0 | 84.5±10.3 | 0.461 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.32±0.54 | 5.52±0.58 | 0.001 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 25.5 (14.2–46.9) | 31.4 (17.3–44.8) | 0.252 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.91 (0.47–1.57) | 1.09 (0.61–1.55) | 0.126 |
| HOMA-β | 41.7 (24.2–73.6) | 46.3 (25.4–72.0) | 0.734 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.78±0.78 | 5.00±0.95 | 0.021 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.41 (0.95–2.13) | 1.56 (1.02–2.22) | 0.464 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.21±0.30 | 1.27±0.37 | 0.120 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.82±0.73 | 2.94±0.85 | 0.178 |
| Serum creatinine, µmol/L | 64.4±14.4 | 65.2±14.6 | 0.648 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 93.5±20.9 | 91.9±19.2 | 0.465 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 0.12 (0.07–0.23) | 0.11 (0.07–0.25) | 0.730 |
| Betatrophin, pg/mL | 1,072±446 | 1,315±598 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 46.1 | 55.7 | 0.080 |
| Family history of DM, % | 10.8 | 20.1 | 0.019 |
| Smoking, % | 0.891 | ||
| None | 66.5 | 64.0 | |
| Ex-smoker | 22.7 | 24.0 | |
| Current | 10.8 | 12.0 | |
| Alcohol drinking, % | 58.1 | 41.3 | 0.002 |
| Regular exercise, % | 7.8 | 7.2 | 0.835 |
| Follow-up | |||
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.18±0.52 | 5.99±1.12 | <0.001 |
| Glucose30, mmol/L | 9.21±1.72 | 10.96±2.17 | <0.001 |
| Glucose120, mmol/L | 7.68±1.74 | 12.68±2.57 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 28.0 (13.3–47.6) | 44.3 (16.1–64.8) | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.96 (0.39–1.59) | 1.66 (0.55–2.49) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 59.4 (21.5–95.0) | 59.9 (23.0–83.6) | 0.526 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range).
DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment estimate of β-cell function; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.