Fig. 3.

FCPR16 attenuated MPP⁺-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) loss and the increase of oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. (A) After pre-treatment with 25 μM FCPR16 for 1 h, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with or without 500 μM MPP⁺ for another 24 h, Δψm was determined by the JC-1 assay. Bar = 100 µm. (B) Histogram indicates the JC-1 polymermonomer fluorescence ratio after MPP⁺ insult in the presence or absence of FCPR16. (C) After pre-treatment with 25 μM FCPR16 for 1 h, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with or without 500 μM MPP⁺ for another 2 h, The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by fluorescence intensity of DCFH-DA in SH-SY5Y cells. Bar = 100 µm. (D) Histogram indicates the ROS level after MPP⁺ insult in the presence or absence of FCPR16. (E) After pre-treatment with 25 μM FCPR16 for 1 h, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with or without 500 μM MPP⁺ for another 48 h, lipid peroxidation in SH-SY5Y cells was determined by the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Results are shown as the mean ± SD and represent three independent experiments. n = 3. ^##P<0.01, ^###P < 0.001 compared with control. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 compared with MPP⁺ treated group.