Fig. 5.

Pathways altered both due to smoking (left panels) and COPD (right panels) in females. The majority of expression levels in oxidative phosphorylation increased in the female Smoker compared to Never-smoker groups (a), and were further elevated in female current-smoker COPD compared with female Smoker groups (b), with six shared proteins (S). The levels of proteins in the citrate cycle were elevated in female Smokers compared to Never-smokers (c), and further increased in female smokers with COPD (d), with 4 proteins in common (S). The majority of protein levels in the lysosomal pathway were increased in female Smokers (e), but decreased in female smokers with COPD (f), with one common protein altered in the opposite direction (S). The bars display the scaled loadings, p(corr) of the predictive component from OPLS-DA models. Positive p(corr)[1] indicates increased protein levels. Full protein names are provided in Additional file 1: Table S3