Table 1.
Characteristics of cohort studies included in the meta-analysis
| Studies | Types of studies | Population and slection of cases | NO. of participants | Type of medication (reference group) | Duration of follow-up,yr | Sex (%) | Mean age (range), yr | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pai, P. Y.et al. 2015 [20] | cohort study | Male patients with hypertension or without hypertension selected from CCHIA-NHI database | 80,299 | Diuretics, Alpha-blockersBeta-blockers, ARBsCCBs, ACEIOthers (no use of antihypertensive drugs) | 9 | Male (100) | 69.28 VS 69.31(50-) | Age, urbanization level, income, comorbidities |
| Rao, G. A. et al. 2013 [24] | cohort study | Males patients receiving drug treatment from VA of U.S.A. | 543,824 | ARBs (no use of ARBs) | 8 | Male (100) | 63.6 VS 63.6 | All 54 variables that was used to compute propensity to receive treatment |
| Bhaskaran, K. et al. 2012 [25] | cohort study | Hypertensive patients receiving drug treatment from General Practice Research Database (GPRD) of U.K. | 377,649 | ARBs (no use of ARBs) | >5 | M (52) F (48) | 64 (18–103) | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diabetes (with or without metformin/insulin use), hypertension, heart failure, statin use, index of multiple deprivation score, calendar year. |
| Rodriguez, C. 2009 [26] | cohort study | Males patients receiving drug treatment from the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort of U.S.A | 3031 | CCBs, Beta-blockers, ACEIs, diuretics, and other anti-hypertensives (no use of anti-hypertensive drugs) | 8 | Males (100) | NA | Age at interview, race, education, BMI in 1997, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes, history of PSA screening,history of heart disease or bypass surgery, and use of cholesterol-lowering drugs |
| van der Knaap, R. et al. 2008 [27] | cohort study | Eligible individuals from the Rotterdam Study started with a baseline interview between July 1989 and July 1993. | 7983 | ACEI and/or angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (no use of the drugs) | 9.6 | M (38.7) F (61.3) | 70.4(50-) | Age, BMI, use of salicylates, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. |
| Harris, A. M. et al. 2007 [28] | cohort study | Male patients receiving drug treatment seen at Lexington Veterans Affairs (VA) Hospital | 27,138 | α1-blockers (no use of α1-blockers) | >5 | Male (100) | 68 (50–89) VS 72 (46–99) | Unadjusted |
| Debes, J. D. et al. 2004 [29] | cohort study | Males from subgroup of Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status | 2115 | CCBs (no use of CCBs) | 10 | Male (100) | NA(40–79) | Age and family history of prostate cancer |
| Friis, S. et al. 2001 [30] | cohort study | Persons receiving drug treatment from Pharmacoepidemiological Prescription Research Database of North Jutland County, Denmark, | 17,897 | ACEI (no use of ACEI) | 8 | Male (50) Female (50) | 62(NA) | Adjustment for age, gender, and duration of follow-up |
| Fitzpatrick, A. L. 2001 [31] | cohort study | Individuals receiving drug treatment from chrot of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) of USA | 2442 | CCBsACEIβ-blockersDiureticVasodilator (no use of antihypertensive drugs) | 5.6 | Male (100) | NA (65-) | Adjusted for age, race (black), and body mass index (BMI) |
| Sorensen, H. T. 2000 [10] | cohort study | Individuals taking CCBs from Pharmaco-Epidemiological Prescription Database of the County of North Jutland, Denmark | 23, 167 | CCBs (compared with the number expected, based on population rates from the Danish Cancer Registry) | 3.2 | Male (100) | 63.4 | NA |
| Olsen, J. H. 1997 [32] | cohort study | Individuals receiving treatment of CCBs from the County of North Jutland | 17,911 | CCBs (compared with the number expected, based on population rates from the Danish Cancer Registry) | 1.8 years | Male (49), Female (51) | NA | NA |
| Pahor, M. 1996 [33] | cohort study | Individuals aged 65 years or older living in East Boston, Massachusetts, and in the counties of Iowa and Washington in the state of Iowa from epidemiologic studies of the elderly (EPESE) in U.S. | 5052 | CCBs (no use of CCBs) | 3.6 | Male (35.7), Female (64.3) | MA (65-) | Adjusted for age, sex, ethnic origin, heart failure, number of hospital admissions, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake. |
CCB calcium-channel blockers, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers, NA not available