Fig. 4.

rGPNMB induces anti-inflammatory factors IGF-1 and arginase-1 in cultured astrocytes. a–b Gene expression of the anti-inflammatory factors IGF-1 (top panel) and arginase-1 (bottom panel) in IMA cells (a) and PMAs (b). c Representative immunofluorescent images and quantification for arginase-1 in PMAs treated with CM alone, GPNMB alone or co-treated with CM and GPNMB (scale bar 20 μm). Asterisks denote statistically significant differences between the different treatment groups or compared to the control (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001)