Fig. 6.

CD44 KO attenuates the GPNMB-induced reduction of cultured astrocyte inflammatory response. a–b Isolated CD44 KO PMAs do not have CD44 gene expression (a) or any visible CD44 protein levels (b) by immunofluorescent imaging (scale bar 20 μm). c Gene expression of the inflammatory factors IL-6 (left panel) and gp91phox (right panel) by qPCR in CD44 KO PMAs. d Gene expression of the anti-inflammatory factors arginase-1 (left panel) and IGF-1 (right panel) by qPCR in CD44 KO PMAs. e Representative immunofluorescent images for arginase-1 in CD44 KO PMAs treated with CM, rGPNMB or co-treated with both (scale bar 20 μm). f H₂DCF-DA fluorescence intensity measuring intracellular ROS generation in CD44 KO PMAs. g–h rGPNMB treatment failed to attenuate CM-induced NOS2 gene expression (g, left panel), supernatant nitrite levels (g, right panel), and iNOS protein levels (h) in CD44 KO PMAs. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences between the different treatment groups or compared to the control (*p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001, not statistically significant groups are represented with ns)