Table 1.
Demographic characteristics (Mean ± SD) of the two exercise intervention [i.e., aerobic exercise (AE) and resistance (RE)] groups and one non-exercise-intervention (control) group.
| AE (n = 25) | RE (n = 21) | Control (n = 20) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.48 ± 7.53 | 66.05 ± 6.64 | 64.50 ± 6.95 | 0.780 |
| Gender (male/female) | 11/14 | 9/12 | 8/12 | 0.327 |
| Height (cm) | 160.60 ± 7.85 | 158.85 ± 8.51 | 159.74 ± 8.81 | 0.780 |
| Weight (kg) | 62.13 ± 13.60 | 62.11 ± 12.12 | 61.40 ± 12.98 | 0.978 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.83 ± 3.20 | 24.48 ± 3.19 | 23.84 ± 3.06 | 0.740 |
| Education (years) | 12.20 ± 3.20 | 11.81 ± 3.43 | 11.85 ± 2.82 | 0.898 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 123.64 ± 15.09 | 129.00 ± 19.45 | 128.55 ± 17.17 | 0.502 |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 76.84 ± 10.27 | 78.76 ± 11.00 | 76.95 ± 9.99 | 0.794 |
| MMSE | 26.96 ± 1.21 | 26.76 ± 1.38 | 27.00 ± 1.59 | 0.837 |
| BDI-II | 6.80 ± 4.08 | 5.29 ± 5.08 | 7.5 ± 4.12 | 0.266 |
| Social participation | 10.08 ± 2.33 | 10.52 ± 2.71 | 11.05 ± 2.76 | 0.463 |
| Working memory span | 19.20 ± 1.78 | 20.38 ± 1.75 | 19.90 ± 2.17 | 0.113 |
| 7-day PAR (Kcal/d) | 1779.80 ± 392.18 | 1862.67 ± 455.42 | 1847.85 ± 377.09 | 0.763 |
| Grip (kg) | 28.88 ± 10.43 | 29.57 ± 10.75 | 26.98 ± 9.55 | 0.705 |
| Back scratch (cm) | − 5.00 ± 10.36 | − 4.14 ± 9.43 | 0.28 ± 8.28 | 0.158 |
| Chair sit-and-reach (cm) | 5.42 ± 11.23 | 5.19 ± 8.11 | 5.90 ± 9.44 | 0.972 |
| Arm curl (number) | 20.04 ± 6.18 | 19.24 ± 5.89 | 18.00 ± 5.84 | 0.527 |
| 8-foot up-and-go (sec) | 6.21 ± 0.95 | 6.30 ± 1.42 | 6.81 ± 1.50 | 0.267 |
| Chair stand (sec) | 17.16 ± 4.84 | 16.38 ± 4.39 | 15.60 ± 5.09 | 0.555 |
| VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 24.92 ± 5.05 | 23.56 ± 4.62 | 24.56 ± 3.43 | 0.579 |
AE: aerobic exercise; RE: resistance exercise; MMSE, mini mental state examination; BDI, Beck depression inventory.