Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic participants.
| Variable | Cases (N=435) | Controls (N=505) | P-value |
| Age (mean, SD) | 65.71 (7.90) | 58.59 (12.23) | <0.001 |
| Gender (males, %) | 246 (56.6%) | 208 (41.2%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean, SD) | 28.7 (4.59) | 27.1 (5.04) | <0.001 |
| Family history (n, %) | 314 (72.5) | 105 (21.3) | <0.001 |
| WHR (mean, SD) | 0.93 (0.08) | 0.87 (0.11) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (mean, SD) | 2.91 (2.79) | 1.58 (1.48) | <0.001 |
| Fasting Glucose, mg/dl (mean, SD) | 162.82 (47.50) | 92.98 (11.65) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, µIU/mL (mean, SD) | 7.07 (5.39) | 6.71 (5.51) | 0.324 |
| HbA1c, % (mean, SD) | 7.44 (1.27) | 5.64 (0.39) | <0.001 |
| Retinopathy (n, %) | 111 (25.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Nephropathy (n, %) | 54 (12.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Neuropathy (n, %) | 76 (17.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease and stroke [(n, %)] | 76 (17.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Telomere length (mean, SD) | 0.43 (0.20) | 0.48 (0.18) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, Body Mass Index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin.