Table 1.
Participant information for overweight/obese participants, weight status classification and DLW details for included articles
| Author. Year (Country) | Total n (overweight and obese n) | Age (years) (mean ± S.D.) of overweight/obese participants | Gender (%) of overweight/obese participants | Weight status classification method | DLW details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bandini et al. 1990 (USA) [21] | 55 (27 obese) | 14.7 ± 2.0 | Male 52%,Female 48% | Obesity was classified as weight ≥ 120% of IBW determined from measurements of TBW | • 0.25 g of H2 18O and 0.1 g of 2H2O per kg of TBW• Four urine samples across 14 days• BW collected pre- and post study |
| Bandini et al. 1999 (USA) [22] (considered as a subset of the above article as the data are from the same study) | 43 (21 obese) | 14.7 ± 1.9 | Male 48%,Female 52% | As above | As above |
| Börnhorst et al. 2014 (Belgium, Spain and Sweden) [23] | 36 (5 overweight, 4 obese) | NR (all participants: 6.7 ± 1.4) | Male 11%,Female 89% | IOTF age- and sex-specific BMI limits [32] | •Dosed per kg of BW to increase background levels of oxygen-18 with 250–300 ppm and deuterium with 125–150 ppm• Four urine samples across 9 days• BW collected baseline only |
| Champagne et al. 1998 (USA) [24] | 118 (30 central fat, 29 obese) | 10.4 ± 0.13 (central fat)10.2 ± 0.13 (obese) | NR (all participants: Male 51%, Female 49%) | • Central fat: those in the highest quartile for SS to TS ratio• Obese: those in the highest quartile for the sum of SS and TS• Lean: those in the lowest quartile for the sum of SS and TS• Peripherally fat: those in the lowest quartile for SS to TS ratio• Centrally obese and obese children had a higher BMI than lean and peripherally obese children (p < 0.05)• Values for BMI (mean ± S.D.) for peripherally fat children were not classified as overweight or obese according to the CDC growth charts [33] | • 0.25 g of H2 18O and 0.14 g of 2H2O per kg of TBW• Four urine samples across 9 days• BW collected baseline only |
| Singh et al. 2009 (USA) [25] | 34 (28 overweight, 4 “at risk” of overweight, 2 healthy weight (classified overweight at screening) | 13.7 ± 0.7 (Boys)13.4 ± 0.8 (Girls) | Male 41%,Female 59% | Defined overweight as a BMI > 95th%ile, “at risk” of overweight as BMI between the 85th and 95th%ile, and healthy body weight as < 85th%ile (type of growth charts not detailed) | •1.8 g of 10% H2 18O and 0.14 g of 99.9% D2O per kg of TBW• Four urine samples across 14 days• BW collected pre- and post-study |
| Vasquez et al. 2006 (Chile) [26] | 24 (24 obese) | 4.3 ± 0.5 (Boys)4.2 ± 0.7 (Girls) | Male 50%,Female 50% | Classified obesity as being 2 S.D.’s above the median of the NCHS Z-score weight for height indicator [34] | • 1.5 g of 10% H2 18O and 0.2 g of 99.9% 2H2O per kg of body weight• Four urine samples across 7 days• BW collected pre- and post study |
| Waling and Larsson. 2009 (Sweden) [27] | 21 (16 overweight and 5 obese) | NR (all participants 10.5 ± 1.1) | Male 48%,Female 52% | IOTF age- and sex-specific BMI limits [32] | • 0.12 g of 2H and 0.25 g of 18O per kg of estimated TBW• Six urine samples across 14 days• BW collected pre- and post study |
BMI body mass index, BW body weight, CDC Centres for Disease Control, DLW doubly labelled water, IBW ideal body weight, IOTF International Obesity Task Force, NCHS National Center for Health Statistics, NR not reported, SS subscapular skinfold, TBW total body water, TS triceps skinfold