TABLE 3.
Reported symptoms, diagnoses and medication use.
| Variable | Sample | Rural |
Urban |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV-positive |
HIV-negative |
p† | HIV-positive |
HIV-negative |
p‡ | ||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Experienced during last 6 months | |||||||||||
| Loose stools, diarrhoea for at least 3 days | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 243 | 34 | 38.2 | 125 | 27.7 | 0.04* | 54 | 32.9 | 48 | 19.8 | 0.002* |
| Vomiting | RHP 89, RHN 450, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 29 | 32.6 | 98 | 21.8 | 0.02* | 41 | 25.0 | 47 | 19.3 | 0.16 |
| Loss of appetite | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 41 | 46.1 | 184 | 40.8 | 0.35 | 95 | 57.9 | 111 | 45.5 | 0.01* |
| Involuntary weight loss > 3 kg | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHN 164, UHN 244 | 57 | 64.0 | 227 | 50.3 | 0.01* | 78 | 47.6 | 92 | 37.7 | 0.05 |
| Chest pain or tightness with usual activity | RHP 89, RHN 451; UHP 164, UHN 243 | 54 | 60.7 | 211 | 46.8 | 0.02* | 97 | 59.2 | 137 | 56.4 | 0.57 |
| Cough for at least 2 weeks | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 48 | 53.9 | 184 | 40.8 | 0.02* | 74 | 45.1 | 96 | 39.3 | 0.24 |
| Wheezing or whistling in chest | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 41 | 46.1 | 195 | 43.2 | 0.62 | 62 | 37.8 | 86 | 35.3 | 0.59 |
| Sexually transmitted diseases | RHP 89, RHN 452, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 12 | 13.5 | 32 | 7.1 | 0.04* | 56 | 34.2 | 13 | 5.3 | 0.0001* |
| Blood in urine | RHP 89, RHN 452, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 11 | 12.4 | 32 | 7.1 | 0.09 | 11 | 6.7 | 18 | 7.4 | 0.79 |
| Skin rash | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 26 | 29.2 | 115 | 25.5 | 0.46 | 62 | 37.8 | 60 | 24.6 | 0.004* |
| Breathlessness with usual activity | RHP 89, RHN 452, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 53 | 59.6 | 223 | 49.3 | 0.07 | 81 | 49.4 | 129 | 52.9 | 0.49 |
| Swelling of feet | RHP 89, RHN 452, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 32 | 36.0 | 177 | 39.2 | 0.57 | 67 | 40.9 | 124 | 50.8 | 0.04* |
| Joint pain | RHP 88, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 49 | 55.7 | 316 | 70.1 | 0.008* | 96 | 58.5 | 163 | 66.8 | 0.09 |
| Diagnosed with the following | |||||||||||
| Liver disease, hepatitis, jaundice | RHP 89, RHN 452, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 4 | 4.5 | 12 | 2.7 | 0.31 | 12 | 7.3 | 7 | 2.9 | 0.03* |
| Lung disease, e.g. emphysema or asthma | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 13 | 14.6 | 58 | 12.9 | 0.65 | 14 | 8.5 | 18 | 7.4 | 0.66 |
| TB | RHP 88, RHN 452, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 24 | 27.3 | 46 | 10.2 | 0.0001* | 40 | 24.4 | 26 | 10.7 | 0.0002* |
| Diabetes mellitus | RHP 89, RHN 450, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 5 | 5.6 | 55 | 12.2 | 0.07 | 7 | 4.3 | 25 | 10.3 | 0.02* |
| High blood pressure | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 40 | 44.9 | 298 | 66.1 | 0.002* | 58 | 35.4 | 139 | 57.0 | 0.0001* |
| Stroke | RHP 89, RHN 452, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 8 | 9.0 | 27 | 6.0 | 0.29 | 9 | 5.5 | 11 | 4.5 | 0.65 |
| Heart disease, angina, heart attack | RHP 89, RHN 448, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 14 | 15.7 | 69 | 15.4 | 0.93 | 27 | 16.5 | 43 | 17.6 | 0.76 |
| Heart failure | RHP 89, RHN 452, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 1 | 1.1 | 5 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 8 | 4.9 | 11 | 4.5 | 0.86 |
| Cancer | RHP 89, RHN 452, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 1.3 | 0.59 | 3 | 1.8 | 6 | 2.5 | 0.74 |
| Epilepsy | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 4 | 4.5 | 22 | 4.9 | 1.0 | 11 | 6.7 | 14 | 5.7 | 0.68 |
| Allergy | RHP 89, RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 12 | 13.5 | 68 | 15.1 | 0.69 | 28 | 17.1 | 45 | 18.4 | 0.72 |
| Medication | |||||||||||
| Taking medication regularly | RHP 88, RHN 448, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 62 | 70.5 | 347 | 77.5 | 0.16 | 90 | 54.9 | 132 | 54.1 | 0.87 |
| Type of medication | RHP 62, RHN 347, UHP 90, UHN 132 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| ART | - | 4 | 6.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0001* | 43 | 47.8 | 0 | 0.0 | - |
| TB treatment | - | 10 | 16.1 | 8 | 2.3 | 0.0001* | 10 | 11.1 | 4 | 3.0 | 0.01* |
| Diabetes (oral) | - | 2 | 3.2 | 42 | 12.1 | 0.02* | 0 | 0.0 | 13 | 9.9 | 0.0027* |
| Hypertension | - | 28 | 45.2 | 252 | 72.6 | 0.0001* | 22 | 24.4 | 90 | 68.2 | 0.0001* |
| Other | - | 54 | 87.1 | 314 | 90.5 | - | 46 | 51.1 | 49 | 37.1 | - |
| Hospitalised during past 12 months | RHP 88; RHN 451, UHP 164, UHN 244 | 26 | 29.6 | 104 | 23.1 | - | 46 | 28.1 | 65 | 26.6 | - |
†
, p-value for difference between HIV-positive and HIV-negative rural participants using chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate;
‡
, p-value for difference between HIV-positive and HIV-negative urban participants using chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate;
TB, tuberculosis; RHP, rural, HIV-positive; RHN, rural, HIV-negative; UHP, urban, HIV-positive; UHN, urban, HIV-negative.
*
, Statistically significant difference.