Table 3. Logistic regression analysis (with fixed effects) of determinants of late presentation in rural Capricorn District and peri-urban Tlokwe sub-district.
| CAPRICORN | TLOKWE | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time at 1st ANC | Bivariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | Time at 1st ANC | Bivariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||||||
| Early | Late | OR (95% CI) | P | AOR (95% CI) | P | Early | Late | OR (95% CI) | P | AOR (95% CI) | P | |
| Variables | 202 (49) | 208 (51) | 286 (72) | 111 (28) | ||||||||
| Maternal age group | ||||||||||||
| <20 Years | 18 (32) | 38 (68) | Ref | Ref | 37 (69) | 17 (31) | Ref | |||||
| 20–29 Years | 128 (56) | 101 (44) | 0.37 (0.20–0.69) | 0.002 | 0.42 (0.21–0.84) | 0.014 | 181 (76) | 58 (24) | 0.69 (0.37–1.33) | 0.275 | ||
| 30–39 Years | 53 (48) | 58 (52) | 0.52 (0.27–1.02) | 0.056 | 0.49 (0.23–1.05) | 0.068 | 59 (65) | 32 (35) | 1.18 (0.58–2.42) | 0.651 | ||
| 40+ Years | 3 (21) | 11 (79) | 1.73 (0.43–6.99) | 0.438 | 1.12 (0.26–4.78) | 0.88 | 9 (69) | 4 (31) | 0.97 (0.26–3.58) | 0.96 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Unmarried | 171 (85) | 162 (78) | Ref | Ref | 248 (87) | 96 (86) | Ref | |||||
| Married | 31 (15) | 46 (22) | 1. 56 (0.95–2.59) | 0.081 | 1.97 (1.12–3.48) | 0.019 | 38 (13) | 15 (14) | 1.02 (0.54–1.94) | 0.953 | ||
| Employed | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 33 (16) | 43 (21) | 1. 33 (0.81–2.20) | 0.26 | 1.60 (0.91–2.80) | 0.103 | 105 (37) | 33 (30) | 0. 73 (0.46–1.17) | 0.191 | 0.68 (0.41–1.11) | 0. 121 |
| Partner employed | (n = 402) | (n = 396) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 131 (65.5) | 118 (58.4) | 0. 74 (0.49–1.11) | 0.145 | 0.85 (0.54–1.36) | 0.504 | 228 (80) | 90 (81) | 1.09 (0.63–1.90) | 0.761 | ||
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| Tertiary | 59 (57) | 44 (43) | Ref | Ref | 18 (67) | 9 (33) | Ref | |||||
| Matric | 71 (52) | 65(48) | 1.23 (0.73–2.05) | 0.436 | 1.07 (0.62–1.85) | 0.813 | 113 (75) | 38 (25) | 0.67 (0.28–1.62) | 0.453 | ||
| Less than matric | 68 (41) | 97 (59) | 1.91 (1.16–3.14) | 0.011 | 1.42 (0.82–2.45) | 0.213 | 154 (71) | 64 (29) | 0.83 (0.36–1.95) | 0.671 | ||
| None | 4 (67) | 2 (33) | 0.67 (0.12–3.82) | 0.653 | 0.40 (0.06–2.51) | 0.322 | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | - | - | ||
| Gravidity | ||||||||||||
| Primigravida | 70 (35) | 67 (32) | 0.89 (0.59–1.39) | 0.601 | 106 (37) | 31 (28) | 0.66 (0.40–1.06) | 0.087 | 0.55 (0.33–0.91) | 0.021 | ||
| Multigravida | 132 (65) | 141 (68) | Ref | 180 (63) | 80 (72) | Ref | ||||||
| Previous ANC use | (n = 261) | (n = 252) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 116 (93) | 124 (91) | 0. 80 (0.33–1.97) | 0.631 | 161 (93) | 73 (92) | 0.91 (0.33–2.51) | 0.851 | ||||
| Unplanned pregnancy | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 97 (48) | 140 (67) | 2.22 (1.49–3.12) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.35–3.27) | 0.001 | 170 (59) | 80 (72) | 1.76 (1.09–2.83) | 0.02 | 1.80 (1.09–2.96) | 0.021 |
| Received information/ advice on when to start ANC | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 105 (52) | 94 (45) | 0. 76 (0.52–1.12) | 0.17 | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | 0.152 | 145 (51) | 41 (37) | 0.57 (0.36–0.89) | 0.014 | 0.61 (0.38–0.98) | 0.04 |
| Have knowledge on right time to start ANC | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 165 (82) | 163 (78) | 0. 81 (0.50–1.32) | 0.402 | 163 (57) | 55 (49.5) | 0.74 (0.48–1.15) | 0.182 | 0.77 (0.48–1.24) | 0.287 | ||
| Experienced booking delay | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 14 (7) | 17 (8) | 1. 19 (0.57–2.49) | 0.635 | 127 (44) | 34 (31) | 0.55 (0.35–0.88) | 0.013 | 0.61 (0.37–0.98) | 0.042 | ||
| Reported barriers to accessing ANC services | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 80 (40) | 96 (46) | 1. 31 (0.88–1.93) | 0.181 | 1.20 (0.79–1.82) | 0.403 | 38 (13) | 13 (12) | 0.87 (0.44–1.69) | 0.674 | ||
| First medical care on confirmation of pregnancy | ||||||||||||
| Private | 46 (23) | 43 (21) | 0. 88 (0.55–1.41) | 0.607 | 32 (11) | 18 (16) | 1.53 (0.82–2.86) | 0.178 | 2.03 (1.02–4.06) | 0.044 | ||
| Public Clinic | 156 (77) | 165 (79) | Ref | 254 (89) | 93 (84) | Ref | ||||||
OR, Odds Ratio; AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; ANC, antenatal clinic.
Data are n (%) unless otherwise specified.
As stated in the Materials and Methods, bivariate variables with P>0.2 were excluded from multivariate models.
Bold indicates statistical significance of P<0.05.