Fig 5.

Heat map of TLR4-independent gene expression changes induced by co-treatment with palmitate and mmLDL (A). J774 cells were stimulated with palmitate and with or without mmLDL and LPS. All mRNA profiles were determined by RNA-seq analysis (B-top). Expression of Clec4d and Ctla-2b were further validated using real time PCRs (B-bottom). Combined treatment with palmitate and mmLDL caused an increase of mRNA expression of Clec4d (normalized to that of Actb). The real time PCR was conducted with technical duplicates, and the data shown represent three independent replicate experiments. *p <0.05 compared to LPS treatment without palmitate or mmLDL.