Table 3.
Summary of PTSD-MRS Studies
| First author (year) | Cohort | Ns | ROI | Primary PTSD Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown (2003)119 | M, military | 9/12 | temporal | ↓NAA/Cr |
| De Bellis (2000)120 | M&F, children | 11/11 | ACC | ↓ NAA/Cr |
| Eckart (2012)121 | M&F, refugee | 20/16 | hippo, insula | ↓ NAA with child trauma |
| Freeman (1998)122 | M, military | 21/8 | temporal | ↓ NAA/Cr |
| Freeman (2006)123 | M, military | 20/6 | hippo | ns |
| Guo (2012)124 | M&F, mixed | 50/50 | hippo, ACC | ↓ NAA/Cr in both |
| Ham (2007)77 | M&F, disaster | 26/25 | hippo, ACC | ↓ NAA in both |
| Kimbrell (2005)125 | M, military | 47/21 | temporal | ↓ NAA/Cr |
| Li (2006)126 | M&F, disaster | 12/12 | hippo | ↓ NAA/Cr |
| Lim (2003)127 | M&F, children | 16/8 | BG, FWM, PWM | ↓ NAA/Cr in BG |
| Mahmutyazicioglu (2005)128 | M&F, mixed | 10/6 | hippo, ACC | ↓ NAA/Cr in both;↑Cho/Cr in hippo |
| Menon (2003)129 | M&F, mixed | 14/7 | hippo | ↓ NAA/Cr |
| Meyerhoff (2014)130 | M, mixed | 28/20 | cortex, ACC | ↑glx in cortex; ↓ GABA in ACC |
| Michels (2014)80 | M&F, mixed | 12/17 | DLPFC, ACC | ↑ GABA and GSH in both |
| Pennington (2014)76 | M, mixed | 28/19 | ACC, cortex | ↓ GABA in POC; ↑Glu in temporal |
| Rosso 2014131 | M&F, mixed | 13/13 | insula and ACC | ↓GABA in insula |
| Rosso 201769 | M&F, mixed | 24/34 | hippo | ↑Glu; ↓NAA |
| Schuff 2001132Neylan (2003)133 | M, military | 18/19 | hippo | ↓NAA ↓Cr |
| Schuff 2008134 | M&F, mixed | 55/49 | hippo, ACC | ↓ NAA/Cr in hippo, ↓ NAA in ACC |
| Seedat 200575 | W, IPV | 16/11 | ACC | ↑Cho/Cr, ↑mI/Cr |
| Shu 2013135 | M&F, mixed | 11/11 | hippo | ↓ NAA/cr; ↑Cho/Cr; |
| Villareal 2002136 | M&F, mixed | 8/5 | hippo, WM | ↓NAA, ↓Cr in hippo; ↓CR in WM |
| Yang 201577 | M&F, children | 33/21 | ACC | ↓ Glx and ↓ Glx/Cr |
Note: Italics denotes papers included in Karl & Werner’s (2010) meta-analysis. Ns listed are for cases/controls, respectively. ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; BG = basal ganglia; CSV = centrum semiovale; Cr = creatine; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FWM = frontal white matter; GABA = gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glu = glutamate; Glx = glutamate/glutamine; GSH = glutathione; hippo = hippocampus; mI = myo-Inositol; NAA = N-acetyl aspartate; ns = nonsignificant; POC = parieto-occipital cortices; PWM = parietal white matter; WM = white matter.