Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 49,106 Participants in the Women’s Health Initiative
| Age, years | 57.9 ± 4.1 |
|---|---|
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 4.0 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |
| Asian/Pacific | 3.0% |
| African American | 7.6% |
| Hispanic/Latino | 4.0% |
| White | 84.0% |
| College degree or higher | 48.0% |
| Annual household Income ≥ $75,000 | 15.4% |
| Current smoking | 7.1% |
| Current use of postmenopausal hormones | 59.0% |
| Recreational physical activity level, MET-hours/week | 4.3 ± 3.9 |
| Daily 100% fruit juice, 6-oz. servings/day | 0.67 ± 0.63 |
| Daily sugar-sweetened beverages, 6-oz. servings/day | 0.30 ± 0.54 |
| Daily whole fruit, ½ cups | 1.17 ± 0.83 |
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 1636 ± 620 |
| Healthy Eating Index diet quality score | 67.9 ± 10.5 |
Abbreviations: kcal (kilocalories), MET (metabolic equivalent)
All characteristics were assessed at baseline (1993–1998). Values are mean ± standard deviation (continuous variables) or percent (categorical variables). Servings/day of 100% fruit juice, sugar-sweetened beverages (regular soda and Tang ®, Kool-Aid ®, Hi-C ®, or other <100% fruit juice drinks), and whole fruit are adjusted for energy using the residual method, and standardized to 2000 kcal/day.
The Women’s Health Initiative enrolled participants between 1993–1998 throughout the United States. Eleven levels of education and nine levels of annual household income were analyzed in the linear mixed effect models, but this table dichotomizes these two variables.