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. 2018 Mar 8;8:4188. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22550-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Variation of Leucocytozoon prevalence in black flies in the presence of Wolbachia. (A) The proportion of Leucocytozoon-infected black flies in the presence and absence of Wolbachia based on PCR results for each of the three major black fly species identified, S. aureum, S. vernum and S. cryophilum. Error bars represent the standard error calculated from the mean value of each data point and N = X represents the number of samples in each set. (B) Leucocytozoon prevalence in the presence and absence of Wolbachia for each black fly species based on the coefficients of the significant interaction between Wolbachia and black fly species from the best fitting model.