Table 1.
Characteristics of the 1.5- to 5-Year and the 5-Year Samples by Antidepressant Exposure During Pregnancy
| 1.5- to 5-Year Sample (n = 8,359)a Depressive/Anxiety Disorders |
5-Year Sample (n = 4,128)a Depressive/Anxiety Disorders |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unexposed (n = 7,640) | SSRI Exposed (n = 605) | Unexposed (n = 3,775) | SSRI Exposed (n = 290) | |
| Maternal Characteristics | ||||
| Age (y), mean ± SD | 30.1 ± 4.9 | 30.3 ± 4.9 | 30.6 ± 4.8 | 30.8 ± 4.7 |
| BMI at conception, mean ± SD | 24.1 ± 4.5 | 24.4 ± 4.9 | 24.0 ± 4.3 | 24.3 ± 4.7 |
| Primiparous, n (%) | 3750 (49.1) | 331 (54.7) | 1944 (51.5) | 168 (57.9) |
| Married/cohabiting, n (%) | 7097 (92.9) | 532 (87.9) | 3523 (93.3) | 263 (90.7) |
| Educational level;b n (%) | ||||
| University/college | 4393 (57.5) | 332 (54.9) | 2451 (64.9) | 183 (63.1) |
| Lower than university/college | 3205 (41.9) | 273 (45.1) | 1303 (34.5) | 107 (36.9) |
| Gross yearly income;c n (%) | ||||
| Average | 5632 (73.7) | 460 (76.0) | 2624 (69.5) | 215 (74.1) |
| Low | 1134 (14.8) | 86 (14.2) | 652 (17.3) | 43 (14.8) |
| High | 636 (8.3) | 46 (7.6) | 399 (10.6) | 29 (10.0) |
| Smoking status at week 30, n (%) | ||||
| No | 5624 (73.6) | 396 (65.5) | 2967 (78.6) | 199 (68.6) |
| Yes | 809 (10.6) | 102 (16.9) | 298 (7.9) | 38 (13.1) |
| Stopped in pregnancy | 900 (11.8) | 83 (13.7) | 391 (10.4) | 43 (14.8) |
| Alcohol use in pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
| No/very limited use | 6387 (83.6) | 508 (84.0) | 3184 (84.3) | 246 (84.9) |
| Medium use | 922 (12.1) | 70 (11.6) | 455 (12.1) | 38 (13.1) |
| Weekly use | 109 (1.4) | 11 (1.8) | 60 (1.6) | 4 (1.4) |
| Folate intaked (yes), n (%) | 6318 (82.7) | 494 (81.7) | 3328 (88.2) | 248 (85.5) |
| LTH of MDe (yes), n (%) | 1701 (22.3) | 276 (45.6) | 900 (23.8) | 147 (50.7) |
| SCL-5 at GW 17, z-score ± SD | -0.03 ± 0.97 | 0.32 ± 1.18 | -0.04 ± 0.97 | 0.42 ± 1.24 |
| SCL-8 at GW 30, z-score ± SD | -0.03 ± 0.97 | 0.26 ± 1.19 | -0.03 ± 0.98 | 0.30 ± 1.18 |
| Comedication in pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
| Anxiolytics and sedatives | 204 (2.7) | 74 (12.2) | 84 (2.2) | 34 (11.7) |
| Antipsychotics | 118 (1.5) | 27 (4.5) | 60 (1.6) | 9 (3.1) |
| NSAIDs/analgesics | 4000 (52.4) | 344 (56.9) | 1990 (52.7) | 170 (58.6) |
| Antiepileptic drugs | 50 (0.7) | 16 (2.6) | 22 (0.6) | 7 (2.4) |
| Illicit substancesf | 140 (1.8) | 22 (3.6) | 62 (1.6) | 9 (3.1) |
| Child and Postpartum Characteristics | ||||
| Breastfeeding months up to child age of 6 months, mean ± SD | 5.3 ± 2.6 | 5.0 ± 2.8 | 5.5 ± 2.6 | 5.1 ± 2.8 |
| Infant sex (male), n (%) | 3923 (51.4) | 296 (48.9) | 1903 (50.4) | 143 (49.3) |
| Any malformation (yes), n (%) | 366 (4.8) | 30 (5.0) | 196 (5.2) | 13 (4.5) |
| Premature birth (yes), n (%) | 362 (4.7) | 33 (5.5) | 194 (5.1) | 18 (6.2) |
| Nursery/kindergarten attendance, n (%) | ||||
| Never between 1 and 5 years of age | 1987 (26.0) | 157 (26.0) | 587 (15.6) | 37 (12.8) |
| Any time between 1 and 5 years of age | 5200 (68.1) | 409 (67.6) | 2735 (72.5) | 214 (73.8) |
| Always between 1 and 5 years of age | 453 (5.9) | 39 (6.5) | 453 (12.0) | 39 (13.5) |
| Paternal Characteristics | ||||
| Educational level, n (%) | ||||
| University/college | 3396 (44.5) | 223 (36.9) | 1891 (50.1) | 116 (40.0) |
| Lower than university/college | 4151 (54.3) | 371 (61.3) | 1851 (49.0) | 172 (59.3) |
Note: Numbers may not add up to total due to missing values. Missing values ranged from 0.5% to 1% for maternal and paternal education, to 2% to 4% for lifetime history of major depression, alcohol use, smoking status in pregnancy, income, and body mass index (BMI) at conception. For the short version (5- and 8-item) of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-5 and SCL-8), missing values were 5% and 12% (1- to 5-year sample) and 4% and 6% (5-year sample). NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
Unexposed and SSRI exposed do not add up to total, as characteristics of non−SSRI-exposed participants are described in Table S4.
Includes ongoing or completed education.
Average = $14,800 to $49,900 USD; Low ≤$14,800 USD; High ≥$50,000 USD.
Use before and/or during first trimester.
Defined as Kendler's Lifetime Major Depression Scale score of ≥3 simultaneous depressive symptoms of duration of >2 weeks.
Indicates before and/or during pregnancy.