Table 1.
Demographic and baseline characteristics of the study patients (n = 11,312).a
| Men (n = 6456) | Women (n = 4856) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (SD) | 57.4 (14.27) | 59.8 (13.09) | < 0.001 |
| Patients in each group, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| < 55 years old | 2913 (45.12%) | 1798 (37.03%) | |
| 55–64 years old | 1641 (25.42%) | 1351 (27.82%) | |
| 65–74 years old | 1019 (15.78%) | 1015 (20.90%) | |
| ⩾ 75 years old | 883 (13.68%) | 692 (14.25%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 (2.95) | 24.3 (3.34) | < 0.001 |
| BMI ⩾ 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 3088 (47.9%) | 1824 (37.6%) | < 0.0001 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.3074 | ||
| Han | 6262 (96.9%) | 4727 (97.3%) | |
| Hui | 98 (1.51%) | 78 (1.60%) | |
| Manchu | 38 (0.58%) | 22 (0.45%) | |
| Mongolian | 18 (0.27%) | 7 (0.14%) | |
| other | 40 (0.61%) | 22 (0.45%) | |
| SBP (SD), mm Hg | 159.3 (12.31) | 160.0 (12.71) | 0.003 |
| DBP (SD), mm Hg | 96.4 (10.65) | 94.5 (10.72) | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (SD), bpm | 75.6 ( 7.74) | 75.2 (8.00) | 0.003 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 2090 (32.3%) | 94 (1.93%) | < 0.0001 |
| Current alcohol drinker, n (%) | 1446 (22.3%) | 50 (1.02%) | < 0.0001 |
| College degree or above, n (%) | 1615 (25.0%) | 630 (12.9%) | < 0.0001 |
| Appropriate physical activityb, n (%) | 4908 (76.0%) | 3607 (74.2%) | 0.0334 |
| Present cardiovascular risk factors or medical history, n (%) | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 1588 (24.5%) | 1114 (22.9%) | 0.1136 |
| Diabetes | 1038 (16.0%) | 827 (17.0%) | 0.3029 |
| CHD | 957 (14.8%) | 796 (16.3%) | 0.0726 |
| Heart failure | 104 (1.61%) | 85 (1.75%) | 0.6971 |
| Kidney disease | 206 (3.19%) | 149 (3.06%) | 0.9317 |
| Previous antihypertensive drug classes, n (%) | 0.9889 | ||
| β-Blockers | 518 (8.02%) | 385 (7.92%) | |
| CCBs | 3083 (47.7%) | 2330 (47.9%) | |
| ACEIs | 994 (15.3%) | 734 (15.1%) | |
| Diuretics | 181 (2.80%) | 140 (2.88%) | |
| ARB | 1630(25.2%) | 1223(25.1%) | |
| Others | 44 (0.68%) | 38 (0.78%) | |
| Unknown | 6 (0.09%) | 6 (0.12%) |
We used the T test for mean age, mean height, mean weight, BMI, SBP, DBP and heart rate; Chi square test for patients in each group: BMI ⩾ 25, ethnicity, current smoker, current alcohol drinker, college degree or above, appropriate physical activity, present risk factors of medical history related to cardiovascular disease, and previous anti-hypertensive drug classes used.
ACEI: ACE inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; BPM: beats per minute; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DBP:diastolic blood pressure; mm Hg: millimetres of mercury as units of pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
Appropriate physical activity (if the subject participates in any regular physical activities, such as walking, swimming, running, etc.).