Table 1.
General characteristics of enrolled patients. Patients were enrolled in four groups: healthy, hypertensive, heart failure with reduced (HFrEF) or with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The general clinical characteristics of the patients are shown. Statistical differences were addressed by one-way analysis of difference (ANOVA) and shown by asterisks (*, different from healthy) of hashtags (#, different from hypertensive in the HF population). In the HFrEF group in the case of CRP 126 patients, in the case of GFR 132 patients and in the case of BMI 64 patients, data were available/applicable.
| Variables | Healthy individuals n=45 | Hypertensive patients n=239 | HFrEF patients n=141 | HFpEF patients n=47 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean±SD) | 30.2 ± 8.7 | 62.3 ± 9.6* | 63 ± 10.8* # | 70.1 ± 8.8* # |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities, % | ||||
| Hypertension | 0 | 100 | 73 | 100 |
| Diabetes | 0 | 23 | 30 | 36 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0 | 70 | 72 | 75 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0 | 7 | 21 | 34 |
| CRP | – | – | 6.2 ± 7.6 | 3.6 ± 2.6 |
| Renal function | – | – | ||
| GFR>90 ml/min/1.73m2 (%) | – | – | 33.3 | 25.7 |
| GFR: 60–89 ml/min/1.73m2 (%) | – | – | 40.2 | 41.8 |
| GFR: 30–59 ml/min/1.73m2 (%) | – | – | 25 | 30.2 |
| GFR<30 ml/min/1.73m2 (%) | – | – | 1.5 | 2.3 |
| BMI | 24.9 ± 4.0 | 29.9 ± 5.5* | 27.7 ± 5.8* # | 31.9 ± 5.4* # |
| Echocardiographic parameters (mean±SD) | ||||
| LVEF, % | 62.0 ± 4.2 | 56.6 ± 4.6* | 28.6 ± 5.7* # | 60.9 ± 6.9# |
| LVEDD, mm | 48.6 ± 3.9 | 51.7 ± 5.7* | 67.2 ± 9.5* # | 51.1 ± 6.7 |
| LVESD, mm | 29.9 ± 3.6 | 33.4 ± 5.4* | 56.3 ± 9.9* # | 32.3 ± 6.2 |
| Medication at enrolment, % | ||||
| ACE inhibitor | 0 | 83 | 91 | 57 |
| ARB | 0 | 15 | 9 | 39 |
| β-blocker | 0 | 79 | 100 | 96 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 0 | 6 | 100 | 8.2 |
| Diuretics | 0 | 53 | 92 | 96 |
CRP: C-reactive protein; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end systolic diameter; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers.
: healthy vs. others.
: hypertensive vs. others.