Table I.
Baseline characteristics of study participants with moderate and severe periodontitis.
| Characteristic | No periodontitis, n=838, % (SEM) | Periodontitis, n=792, % (SEM) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.4059 | |||
| 30–64 | 67.4 (1.8) | 65.3 (2.1) | 1 (reference) | |
| ≥65 | 32.6 (1.8) | 34.7 (2.1) | 1.152 (0.916, 1.449) | |
| Sex | <0.0001a | |||
| Male | 49.3 (2.1) | 60.9 (2) | 1.774 (1.387, 2.269) | |
| Female | 50.7 (2.1) | 39.1 (2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Smoking | <0.0001a | |||
| No | 60.4 (2.2) | 43.5 (2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Ex | 21 (1.8) | 24.9 (1.8) | 1.514 (0.993, 2.31) | |
| Current | 18.6 (1.6) | 31.6 (2.1) | 2.503 (1.67, 3.752) | |
| Drinking | 0.0362a | |||
| Non-drinker | 37.3 (1.9) | 30.8 (2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Mild to moderate drinker | 54 (2.1) | 57.1 (2.1) | 1.176 (0.9, 1.535) | |
| Heavy drinker | 8.7 (1.3) | 12.1 (1.4) | 1.388 (0.855, 2.255) | |
| Exercise | 0.3669 | |||
| No | 83.9 (1.8) | 86.1 (1.8) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 16.1 (1.8) | 13.9 (1.8) | 0.832 (0.559, 1.237) | |
| Number of household members | 0.0079a | |||
| 1 | 10.5 (1.2) | 13.6 (1.5) | 1 (reference) | |
| 2 | 30.9 (1.8) | 36.7 (2.2) | 0.793 (0.544, 1.156) | |
| ≥3 | 58.6 (2) | 49.7 (2.5) | 0.626 (0.414, 0.949) | |
| Education | 0.2500 | |||
| Middle-school graduate or lower | 51.2 (2.2) | 54.8 (2.2) | 1 (reference) | |
| High-school education or higher | 48.8 (2.2) | 45.2 (2.2) | 0.924 (0.689, 1.24) | |
| Income (the lowest quartile) | 0.0157a | |||
| No | 76.1 (1.7) | 69.8 (2.2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 23.9 (1.7) | 30.2 (2.2) | 1.312 (0.979, 1.757) | |
| Self reported health status | 0.0122a | |||
| Good | 17.4 (1.6) | 12.3 (1.3) | 1 (reference) | |
| Average or bad | 82.6 (1.6) | 87.7 (1.3) | 1.67 (1.19, 2.343) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.2601 | |||
| <25 | 47.8 (2.1) | 51.2 (2.1) | 1 (reference) | |
| ≥25 | 52.2 (2.1) | 48.8 (2.1) | 0.939 (0.735, 1.199) | |
| High waist circumference, ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women | 0.0793a | |||
| No | 44 (2.1) | 49 (2.1) | 1.091 (0.852, 1.396) | |
| Yes | 56 (2.1) | 51 (2.1) | 1 (reference) | |
| Hypertension | 0.1316 | |||
| No | 47 (2.1) | 42.4 (2.2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 53 (2.1) | 57.6 (2.2) | 1.052 (0.809, 1.367) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.8652 | |||
| No | 69.2 (1.9) | 69.7 (1.9) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 30.8 (1.9) | 30.3 (1.9) | 1.04 (0.79, 1.37) | |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 0.7636 | |||
| ≥60 | 91.7 (1.1) | 92.1 (1) | 1.197 (0.796, 1.801) | |
| <60 | 8.3 (1.1) | 7.9 (1) | 1 (reference) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.9456 | |||
| No | 90.9 (1.1) | 90.8 (1.1) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 9.1 (1.1) | 9.2 (1.1) | 0.912 (0.615, 1.352) | |
| Diabetes (recognition) | 0.3699 | |||
| No | 37.6 (2.2) | 40.2 (2.2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 62.4 (2.2) | 59.8 (2.2) | 0.785 (0.611, 1.008) | |
| Diabetes (treated) | 0.1644 | |||
| No | 43.4 (2.2) | 47.7 (2.2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 56.6 (2.2) | 52.3 (2.2) | 0.732 (0.567, 0.944) | |
| Diabetes (controlled) | 0.9387 | |||
| No | 78.2 (1.9) | 78 (1.9) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 21.8 (1.9) | 22 (1.9) | 0.993 (0.728, 1.353) | |
| Insulin injection | 0.4330 | |||
| No | 94.8 (0.8) | 93.8 (1) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 5.2 (0.8) | 6.2 (1) | 1.150 (0.663, 1.994) | |
| Diabetic medication | 0.234 | |||
| No | 45 (2.2) | 48.6 (2.2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 55 (2.2) | 51.4 (2.2) | 0.758 (0.59, 0.973) | |
| Glucose level | 0.9500 | |||
| <100 | 9.8 (1.1) | 9.4 (1.2) | 1 (reference) | |
| 100≤x<120 | 22.5 (1.7) | 22.2 (1.9) | 1.095 (0.725, 1.655) | |
| 120≤x<140 | 33.9 (2.1) | 32.6 (2.1) | 1.079 (0.721, 1.615) | |
| 140≤x<160 | 15.6 (1.6) | 15.9 (1.4) | 1.146 (0.724, 1.812) | |
| ≥160 | 18.2 (1.7) | 19.9 (1.7) | 1.326 (0.852, 2.065) | |
| Glycated hemoglobin | 0.4800 | |||
| <6 | 5.8 (1.1) | 7.8 (1.1) | 1 (reference) | |
| 6≤x<6.5 | 16 (1.6) | 14.2 (1.6) | 0.701 (0.4, 1.231) | |
| 6.5≤x<7 | 27.6 (1.9) | 28.6 (2.1) | 0.805 (0.468, 1.386) | |
| 7≤x<7.9 | 31.1 (1.9) | 28.1 (1.9) | 0.699 (0.418, 1.168) | |
| ≥8 | 19.5 (1.7) | 21.3 (1.7) | 0.91 (0.526, 1.577) | |
| Dental checkup within a year | 0.2490 | |||
| No | 76.7 (1.7) | 73.8 (1.9) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 23.3 (1.7) | 26.2 (1.9) | 1.184 (0.887, 1.579) | |
| Self-reported oral status | <0.0001a | |||
| Favorable | 14.9 (1.6) | 9.9 (1.2) | 1 (reference) | |
| Average | 36.6 (2.1) | 26.5 (1.7) | 1.179 (0.772, 1.801) | |
| Problematic | 48.6 (2.2) | 63.6 (1.9) | 2.019 (1.346, 3.027) | |
| Tooth pain | <0.0001a | |||
| No | 65.4 (2) | 47.6 (2.1) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 34.6 (2) | 52.4 (2.1) | 2.086 (1.653, 2.632) | |
| Chewing discomfort | <0.0001a | |||
| No | 69.7 (2) | 56.9 (2.1) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 30.3 (2) | 43.1 (2.1) | 1.642 (1.271, 2.12) | |
| Speech discomfort | 0.0339a | |||
| No | 85.5 (1.4) | 81.1 (1.6) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 14.5 (1.4) | 18.9 (1.6) | 1.277 (0.946, 1.724) | |
| Frequency of tooth brushing per day | 0.0019a | |||
| ≤1 | 12.5 (1.4) | 18.5 (1.7) | 1 (reference) | |
| 2 | 42.6 (2.2) | 46.1 (2) | 0.773 (0.534, 1.119) | |
| ≥3 | 44.9 (2.2) | 35.4 (2) | 0.583 (0.393, 0.865) | |
| Use of secondary oral products | 0.0020a | |||
| No | 54.1 (2.2) | 63.6 (2.1) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 45.9 (2.2) | 36.4 (2.1) | 0.757 (0.583, 0.981) |
Data are presented as percentages (standard error of the mean) of the study participants.
a
P<0.05. CI, confidence interval. SEM, standard error of the mean.