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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Econ Educ Rev. 2017 Jun 30;59:63–80. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.06.002

Appendix Table 4.

Baseline values of education expenditure items for enrolled children by treatment arm

Treatment Control P-value (T-C)
Mean (SD) or %
Expenditure Proportions
Any Tuition 1.3 0.8 0.34
Any extra lessons 9.7 9.2 0.89
Any books 35.5 30.4 0.28
Any uniform 13.9 12.3 0.61
Any boarding fees 0.2 0.1 0.23
Any school contribution 29.5 22.0 0.12
Any transportation 0.3 0.3 0.95
Any PTA and other fees 13.5 0.9 0.16
Expenditure Expenditures (MWK)
Education total 745.7 (1208) 848.5 (1586) 0.39
Tuition 36.4 (729) 37.4 (700) 0.97
Extra lessons 32.8 (207) 41.1 (440) 0.66
Books 112.3 (292) 95.2 (261) 0.43
Uniform 128.9 (374) 123.2 (398) 0.86
Boarding fees 8.5 (328) 4.4 (164) 0.58
School contribution 70.3 (185) 59.3 (191) 0.41
Transportation 3.8 (82) 7.6 (233) 0.55
PTA and other fees 22.6 (87) 22 (111) 0.93
Observations 2,149 2,411

Notes: No significant differences between T and C groups. T-tests based on standard errors clustered at the VC level.