Table 9.
Analysis of education expenditure measures as the mechanism (M) for SCTP impacts (T) on schooling outcomes (Y)
| (1) Education Expenditures (MWK) |
(2) Any education expenditures |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Control mean | 473.1 (722.1 SD) | 70.6 % | |
|
| |||
| T on M | |||
| Treatment effect (DD) | 345.61*** (66.05) | 0.13*** (0.03) | |
| Wild boot p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
|
|
|||
| Observations | 12,599 | 12,722 | |
|
| |||
| T on Y plus M | Enrollment (original effect: 0.12***) | ||
| Treatment effect (DD) | 0.04** (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | |
| Wild boot p-value | 0.001 | 0.366 | |
|
|
|||
| Mediator | 0.02*** (0.00) | 0.82*** (0.02) | |
| Wild boot p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
|
|
|||
| Observations | 12,172 | 12,172 | |
|
|
|||
| Dropout (original effect: −0.04***) | |||
| Treatment effect (DD) | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) | |
| Wild boot p-value | 0.010 | 0.112 | |
|
|
|||
| Mediator | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.54*** (0.03) | |
| Wild boot p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
|
| |||
| Observations | 8,829 | 8,865 | |
Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses clustered at the VC level.
p<0.01,
p<0.05,
p<0.1.
Wild bootstrap p-values are given independently for DD effect and the mediator effect (H0=0). Baseline values for the mediators are included in each regression to control for confounding between the mediator and treatment. Individual controls: age, age squared, male, baseline morbidity past 2 weeks, and baseline orphan status / Household controls (all defined at baseline): household head (female, age, ever attended school, chronic illness, married), log per capita expenditure, household size, total age group categories (0–5, 6–11, 12–17, 65+) and dummies for Traditional Authority residence