Table 2. Serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10 and interferon-ɣ (IFN-ɣ)) at end of the treatment periods of 2 weeks after 2 weeks HFHC diet or 4 weeks on the HFHC diet.

	Isocaloric diet	HFHC Diet
	Controls	Controls	2-weeks NPC2	4-weeks NPC2
TNF-α (pg/mL)	6 (5–7)	233 (152–256)*	243 (208–299)*	134 (117–166)*
IL-6 (pg/mL)	47 (41–53)	100 (83–178)*	140 (135–174)*	155 (103–176)*
IL-1β (pg/mL)	5 (5–5)	65 (52–113)*	69 (52–150)*	102 (85–151)*
IL-10 (pg/mL)	12.9 (10.7–13.4)	15.5 (14.5–18.4)*	16.0 (14.9–18.1)*	17.5 (14.2–18.1)*
IFN-ɣ pg/mL)	†	0.27 (0.05–0.96)	†	0.24 (0.05–1.13)

Data are presented as median (Interquartile range).

*: P < 0.05 compared with isocaloric controls.

^†: Below lower threshold.