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. 2018 Feb 8;118(4):2042–2079. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00317

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Hydrodynamic effects on cell differentiation. (A) Microfluidic device to present mechanical stimuli to cells. Mechanical stimuli are modulated by changing the pressure on the membrane. At selected times (1, 3, and 7 days), cells were assessed by monitoring ALP, a differentiation marker. The stimulated groups with 5 and 20 kPa stimulus at day 3 compared with the control group. (B) Shear-stress stimulation on a multiplexed microfluidic device for rat bone-marrow stromal cell differentiation enhancement. Chambers with different flow resistances enable a multiplexed analysis. Cells were exposed to shear forces of 0.0009, 0.022, and 0.33 dyn cm–2 for 10 min in different chambers. The cell differentiation ratio was visualized by immunohistochemistry for the differentiation markers. Increased flow shear leads to an enhancement of the differentiation ratio. (C) Osteoblast-based continuous perfusion microfluidic system for drug screening. Cells were cultured either in a microchannel under hydrodynamic shear or cultured on a static well plate for a period of 10 days. In the microchannel culture, the shear stress of 0.07 dyn cm–2 (7 × 10–3 Pa) induced enhanced GFP compared with the static culture, suggesting that shear induces differentiation. ALP, an enzyme marker of osteoblasts, supported the results of GFP expression. (A) Adapted with permission from ref (104). Copyright 2007 Royal Society of Chemistry. (B) Adapted with permission from ref (105). Copyright 2015 MDPI AG. (C) Adapted with permission from ref (106). Copyright 2008 Springer.