Table 2.
Selected studies related to effect of exogenous agents on dynamic rsfMRI. Columns include citation, species used, the method used for calculating changes in the fMRI signal, the anesthesia or other exogenous agent, and selected observations.
| Citation | Species | Method | Anesthesia | Selected observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amico et al., 2014 | Humans | Coactivation | Propofol | Extent of coactivation altered or unaltered under anesthesia, depending on region |
| Thompson et al., 2014b | Rats | Wave detection (QPP, 6.5–11.25 s) | Isoflurane or dexmedetomidine | Rate of waves changes based on anesthetic |
| Magnuson et al., 2014b | Rats | Wave detection (QPP, 4.5 s) | Isoflurane and/or dexmedetomidine | Waves become more visible under prolonged anesthesia |
| Hutchison et al., 2014 | Monkeys | Windowed correlation (30 s) | Isoflurane with ketamine | Complex states rarer under deeper anesthesia |
| Liang et al., 2015 | Rats | Coactivation, wave detection (CAP, 15 s) | None, isoflurane | Extent of coactivation altered or unaltered under anesthesia, depending on region |
| Bettinardi et al., 2015 | Rats | Windowed correlation (10 mins) | Medetomidine with ketamine | Connectivity increases and shifts to a higher frequency as anesthesia fades |
| Hudetz et al., 2015 | Rats | Windowed regional homogeneity (20–200 s) | Propofol | Fewer states observed under deeper anesthesia |
| Barttfeld et al., 2015 | Monkeys | Windowed correlation (84 s) clustered into states | None, Propofol | Less dynamic states under anesthesia, closer to structural connections |
| Kafashan et al., 2016 | Humans | Windowed correlation (11 s) | None, sevoflurane | Weaker connections and states are lost under anesthesia, stronger connections and states are preserved |
| Tagliazucchi et al., 2016 | Humans | Detrended fluctuations (25–74 s), windowed correlation (49 s), wavelets to Hurst exponents | None, Propofol | Reduced dynamism under anesthesia and reduced range of functional networks |
| Ma et al., 2017 | Rats | Windowed correlation (60 s) | None, isoflurane | Some connectivity patterns occur more under light anesthesia, others occur more under deep anesthesia |
| Other drugs | ||||
| Tagliazucchi et al., 2014 | Humans | Windowed correlation (10–100 s) | None, Psilocybin | Wider repertoire of states under psilocybin |
| Rack-Gomer and Liu, 2012 | Humans | Windowed correlation (10–100 s) | None, Caffeine | Greater variability in correlation under caffeine |