Akt, protein kinase B; AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; AP1, activator protein 1; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; camp, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CBP, CREB-binding protein; cyclin D1, cyclin-rependent kinase co-regulator; EPO, erythropoietin; ERK, extracellular regulated kinase; FoxM1, forkhead box protein M1; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; osterix, osteoblast-specific transcription factor; p300, CBP co-activator; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.