AICAR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide; PCG-1α, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1α; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated kinase; DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1; RBBP7, RB binding protein 7; HAT1, histone deacetylase 1; TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1; Tfam, mitochondrial transcription factor A; Drp1, dynamin-related protein; Fis1, mitochondrial fission 1 protein; Mff, mitochondrial fission factor.