Table 3.
Mean (standard deviation) muscle forces and spinal loads by group and walking speed (SSW = self-selected walking speed, speed1 – 1.0 m/s, speed2 – 1.4 m/s). All outcomes are normalized by total body mass (N/kg).
| Peak Local Muscle Force | Peak Global Muscle Force | Peak A-P Shear Force | Peak M-L Shear Force | Peak Compression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTR | |||||
|
| |||||
| SSW (1.41 m/s) | 9.3 (1.9) | 11.4 (3.7) | 5.1 (3.5) | 8.8 (3.6) | 23.6 (5.9) |
| Controlled Speed 1 | 8.2 (1.4) | 8.7 (2.9) | 3.4 (1.8) | 5.2 (2.3) | 19.2 (3.7) |
| Controlled Speed 2 | 9.7 (2.0) | 11.8 (4.1) | 4.9 (3.1) | 8.7 (3.7) | 23.5 (5.3) |
|
| |||||
| TTA | |||||
|
| |||||
| SSW (1.35 m/s) | 9.2 (1.6) | 11.9 (3.2) | 5.0 (2.3) | 8.9 (3.4) | 23.7 (5.3) |
| Controlled Speed 1 | 8.2 (1.7) | 9.2 (4.2) | 3.1 (1.4) | 6.2 (3.3) | 19.9 (5.1) |
| Controlled Speed 2 | 10.3 (2.7) | 13.9 (5.1) | 5.7 (3.3) # | 10.3 (5.2) | 26.5 (7.6) # |
|
| |||||
| TFA | |||||
|
| |||||
| SSW (1.24 m/s) | 10.0 (2.7) | 13.2 (4.3) | 5.7 (2.0) | 9.5 (4.1) | 25.5 (6.0) |
| Controlled Speed 1 | 8.9 (2.6) | 11.2 (4.8) | 3.7 (1.8) | 7.9 (4.3) | 22.7 (6.1) |
| Controlled Speed 2 | 12.1 (3.1) # | 14.6 (4.9) | 6.6 (4.0) # | 9.6 (3.8) | 29.1 (7.1) # |
#
significant interaction effect between group × walking speed.